Ch. 1 Basics Of Biotechnology Flashcards
Biotechnology -
The use of living organisms in industrial process
Examples of biotechnology
- agriculture
- food processing
- medicine
These processes rely on ___ to modify the original ingredients.
Microorganisms
Farmers have chosen higher yielding crops by ___ and ___.
Trial and error
Many modern crop plants have much larger ___ or ___ than their ancestors.
Fruits or seeds
Nucleotide -
Pentose, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base
Each phosphate connects two sugars via ____ bond.
Phosphodiester
Chemical structure of nucleic acids
- polymer of nucleotides
- nucleotide
- phosphodiester bond
- DNA - double helix
- rna - single strand
Supercoiling -
DNA condenses
In bacteria, DNA condense by the ___ ___.
DNA gyrase
Supercoils are removed by ___.
Topoisomerase I
DNA loop connect to a ___ ___.
Protein scaffold
Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around histones to form a nucleosome which further condensed into 30-nm fiber attached to proteins at ___ ___ ___ sites.
Matrix attachment regions (MAR)
___ live everywhere on the planet and are an important part of the ecosystem.
Bacteria
___ ___ provide thermostable DNA polymerase that are used in polymerase chain reaction.
Thermus aquaticus
___ is the model bacterium.
E. Coli
Most widely used, Rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria
E. Coli.
It can contaminate food but usually harmless except for the E. Coli ___ strain.
O 157:H7
Why is E. Coli the model bacterium?
- large number of identical cells can be grown in a few hours
- growth can be strictly controlled and adjusted to desired results
- liquid cultures can be stored in a refrigerator for weeks or deep freeze at -70C for 20 years or more
The E. Coli chromosome
- oriC
- thrABC
- terB
- terC
Plasmids -
- extrachromosomal genetic element
- small circular DNA that exists in cytoplasm of bacteria
- contain origin of replication
- can be manipulated or modified, resulting in recombinant plasmids
- modern biotechnology started with expressing heterologous protein in bacteria
Plasmids can be manipulated of modified, resulting in ___ plasmids.
Recombinant
One doubling time in E. Coli takes how long?
45 mins
Many plant cells are ___.
Totipotent
Animal cells do have the potential to form several types of cells called ___ ___.
Stem cells
Yeast and filamentous fungi
Fast growing single-celled eukaryotes
Yeast and filamentous fungi contain extrachromosomal elements like ___ that can be used as cloning vector to express heterologous proteins.
Plasmids
The plasmid has two perfect DNA repeats (___ ___) on the opposite sides of the circle.
FRT sites
Flp recombinase or Flippase flips one half of the plasmid via ___ ___.
DNA recombination
Diploid yeast can also form genetic clones by ___.
Budding
Yeast can create new genetic combinations with ___ ___.
Sexual reproduction
The two forms of haploid yeast are ___ and ___, which mate to form a new genetically unique diploid cell.
a and alpha
C. elegans -
A small round worm that is found in soil that feeds on bacteria
C. elegans is male and hermaphrodite so it can be used in genetics analysis on both ___ and ___ ___.
Self- and cross- fertilization
Drospholia melanogaster
- widely used for genetics studies
- easy to grow and maintain in a lab
- many different mutations are available for identifying genes responsible for body patterns
- homology to human genes
- polytene chromosomes
What are key organisms to study development of embryos?
Danio rerio, Zebrafish
As many as 70% of our genes have zebrafish ___.
Orthologs
Zebrafish are good model organisms for ___ ___.
Drug screen
The cells lines are useful for…
Genetic manipulations such as expressing new genes or deleting existing genes
Adherent cell lines -
Stick to and divide on the plastic dishes
Suspension cells -
Grow and divide in liquid culture
Arabidopsis thaliana
- a member of mustard family and most used in plane biology research
- used because of its size, ease of growth, and small genome
- many mutants and RNAi are available
Viruses used in genetics research
- attachment of the virion to the correct host cell
- entry of the virus genome
- replication of the virus genome
- manufacture of new virus proteins
- assembly of new viruses particles
- release of new virions from the host
Viruses specialize in inserting their genome into the ___ ___.
Host genome
Viruses subvert the host into…
Expressing their genes and making more copies of themselves
Viruses can be used to…
Study new genes, to anger the genomes of model organisms, and gene therapy
___ ___ are made of positive RNA.
Retroviral genomes
Once entered, a DNA copy of the genome is made using ___ ___.
Reverse transcriptase
Retroviral genomes
- once entered, a DNA copy of the genome is made using reverse transcriptase
- the original RNA strand is then degraded and replaced with DNA
- the double-stranded DNA version of the retrovirus genome can integrate into the host genome
Bacterial conjugation and rolling circle
- one strand of the F plasmid is nicked at the origin to transfer
- two strands start to separate and the synthesis of new strand starts
- after entering through the conjugation bridge, the second strand is synthesized and circularized once finished
___ ___ leaves the original transposon in its original place and the copy is inserted at another site.
Replicative transposition
The ___ ___ excises from its original site and inserts at other side in conservative transposition.
Original transposon
Recombinant DNA technology
Doing what has already happened in nature, genome editing
Can change ___ cells to ___ cells.
Fat cells to stem cells
