Ch. 1 Basics Of Biotechnology

Question 1

Biotechnology -

Answer 1

The use of living organisms in industrial process

Question 2

Examples of biotechnology

Answer 2

• agriculture
• food processing
• medicine

Question 3

These processes rely on ___ to modify the original ingredients.

Answer 3

Microorganisms

Question 4

Farmers have chosen higher yielding crops by ___ and ___.

Answer 4

Trial and error

Question 5

Many modern crop plants have much larger ___ or ___ than their ancestors.

Answer 5

Fruits or seeds

Question 6

Nucleotide -

Answer 6

Pentose, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base

Question 7

Each phosphate connects two sugars via ____ bond.

Answer 7

Phosphodiester

Question 8

Chemical structure of nucleic acids

Answer 8

• polymer of nucleotides
• nucleotide
• phosphodiester bond
• DNA - double helix
• rna - single strand

Question 9

Supercoiling -

Answer 9

DNA condenses

Question 10

In bacteria, DNA condense by the ___ ___.

Answer 10

DNA gyrase

Question 11

Supercoils are removed by ___.

Answer 11

Topoisomerase I

Question 12

DNA loop connect to a ___ ___.

Answer 12

Protein scaffold

Question 13

Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around histones to form a nucleosome which further condensed into 30-nm fiber attached to proteins at ___ ___ ___ sites.

Answer 13

Matrix attachment regions (MAR)

Question 14

___ live everywhere on the planet and are an important part of the ecosystem.

Answer 14

Bacteria

Question 15

___ ___ provide thermostable DNA polymerase that are used in polymerase chain reaction.

Answer 15

Thermus aquaticus

Question 16

___ is the model bacterium.

Answer 16

E. Coli

Question 17

Most widely used, Rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria

Answer 17

E. Coli.

Question 18

It can contaminate food but usually harmless except for the E. Coli ___ strain.

Answer 18

O 157:H7

Question 19

Why is E. Coli the model bacterium?

Answer 19

• large number of identical cells can be grown in a few hours
• growth can be strictly controlled and adjusted to desired results
• liquid cultures can be stored in a refrigerator for weeks or deep freeze at -70C for 20 years or more

Question 20

The E. Coli chromosome

Answer 20

• oriC
• thrABC
• terB
• terC

Question 21

Plasmids -

Answer 21

• extrachromosomal genetic element
• small circular DNA that exists in cytoplasm of bacteria
• contain origin of replication
• can be manipulated or modified, resulting in recombinant plasmids
• modern biotechnology started with expressing heterologous protein in bacteria

Question 22

Plasmids can be manipulated of modified, resulting in ___ plasmids.

Answer 22

Recombinant

Question 23

One doubling time in E. Coli takes how long?

Answer 23

45 mins

Question 24

Many plant cells are ___.

Answer 24

Totipotent

Question 25

Animal cells do have the potential to form several types of cells called ___ ___.

Answer 25

Stem cells

Question 26

Yeast and filamentous fungi

Answer 26

Fast growing single-celled eukaryotes

Question 27

Yeast and filamentous fungi contain extrachromosomal elements like ___ that can be used as cloning vector to express heterologous proteins.

Answer 27

Plasmids

Question 28

The plasmid has two perfect DNA repeats (___ ___) on the opposite sides of the circle.

Answer 28

FRT sites

Question 29

Flp recombinase or Flippase flips one half of the plasmid via ___ ___.

Answer 29

DNA recombination

Question 30

Diploid yeast can also form genetic clones by ___.

Answer 30

Budding

Question 31

Yeast can create new genetic combinations with ___ ___.

Answer 31

Sexual reproduction

Question 32

The two forms of haploid yeast are ___ and ___, which mate to form a new genetically unique diploid cell.

Answer 32

a and alpha

Question 33

C. elegans -

Answer 33

A small round worm that is found in soil that feeds on bacteria

Question 34

C. elegans is male and hermaphrodite so it can be used in genetics analysis on both ___ and ___ ___.

Answer 34

Self- and cross- fertilization

Question 35

Drospholia melanogaster

Answer 35

• widely used for genetics studies
• easy to grow and maintain in a lab
• many different mutations are available for identifying genes responsible for body patterns
• homology to human genes
• polytene chromosomes

Question 36

What are key organisms to study development of embryos?

Answer 36

Danio rerio, Zebrafish

Question 37

As many as 70% of our genes have zebrafish ___.

Answer 37

Orthologs

Question 38

Zebrafish are good model organisms for ___ ___.

Answer 38

Drug screen

Question 39

The cells lines are useful for…

Answer 39

Genetic manipulations such as expressing new genes or deleting existing genes

Question 40

Adherent cell lines -

Answer 40

Stick to and divide on the plastic dishes

Question 41

Suspension cells -

Answer 41

Grow and divide in liquid culture

Question 42

Arabidopsis thaliana

Answer 42

• a member of mustard family and most used in plane biology research
• used because of its size, ease of growth, and small genome
• many mutants and RNAi are available

Question 43

Viruses used in genetics research

Answer 43

• attachment of the virion to the correct host cell
• entry of the virus genome
• replication of the virus genome
• manufacture of new virus proteins
• assembly of new viruses particles
• release of new virions from the host

Question 44

Viruses specialize in inserting their genome into the ___ ___.

Answer 44

Host genome

Question 45

Viruses subvert the host into…

Answer 45

Expressing their genes and making more copies of themselves

Question 46

Viruses can be used to…

Answer 46

Study new genes, to anger the genomes of model organisms, and gene therapy

Question 47

___ ___ are made of positive RNA.

Answer 47

Retroviral genomes

Question 48

Once entered, a DNA copy of the genome is made using ___ ___.

Answer 48

Reverse transcriptase

Question 49

Retroviral genomes

Answer 49

• once entered, a DNA copy of the genome is made using reverse transcriptase
• the original RNA strand is then degraded and replaced with DNA
• the double-stranded DNA version of the retrovirus genome can integrate into the host genome

Question 50

Bacterial conjugation and rolling circle

Answer 50

• one strand of the F plasmid is nicked at the origin to transfer
• two strands start to separate and the synthesis of new strand starts
• after entering through the conjugation bridge, the second strand is synthesized and circularized once finished

Question 51

___ ___ leaves the original transposon in its original place and the copy is inserted at another site.

Answer 51

Replicative transposition

Question 52

The ___ ___ excises from its original site and inserts at other side in conservative transposition.

Answer 52

Original transposon

Question 53

Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 53

Doing what has already happened in nature, genome editing

Question 54

Can change ___ cells to ___ cells.

Answer 54

Fat cells to stem cells