Ch. 6-8: Skeletal System & Joints Flashcards
Functions of bones
Support Movement Mineral storage Hematopoiesis Protection
Dense, thick, outer layer of bond that has a smooth appearance
Compact/dense bone
Inner layer of interwoven network of bony pieces with spaces. between filled with bone marrow
Spongy/cancellous bone
Four shapes of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Bones that are longer than they are wide. Tubular shaft between two wider ends. Makes up bones of limbs except carpals/tarsals
Long bones
About as tall as they are wide/cubed. Carpals and tarsals
Short bones
Thin, flattened, curved, 2 parallel surfaces; bones of skull, ribs, sternum, etc.
Flat bones
Complex shaped bones. Vertebrae, coxae
Irregular bones
Tubular shaft along long axis of bone between two ends; made of this outer collar of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity
Diaphysis
Distal ends of diaphysis; made of thick outer collar of compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone filled with bone marrow
Epiphyses
Thin disc of hyaline cartilage between epiphyses and diaphysis for long bone growth during adolescence
Epiphyseal disc/plate
Calcified remnant of cartilage disc after long bone growth stops in adults
Epiphyseal line
Epiphyses are covered in think layer of hyaline cartilage for cushioning joints and bone growth
Articular cartilage plate
Connective tissue membranes of bones
Periosteum
Endosteum
Layers of the periosteum
Fibrous layer
Osteogenic layer
Thick, dense, irregular connective tissue. Outer layer of periosteum.
Fibrous layer
Thin, fine, delicate, inner layer of periosteum on the bone shaft containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteogenic layer
Specific name for the layer of spongy bone between the parallel surfaces of compact bone
Diploe
Two types of hematopoietic tissue(bone marrow)
Red
Yellow
Fills the cavities of spongy bone of short, flat, irregular bones, epiphyses of long bones in adults. Used for blood cell formation
Red marrow
Fills medullary cavity of diaphysis of long bones in adults; used for fat storage. Can be converted to red if needed
Yellow marrow
Osteon/ Haversian system
Tubular structural units that make up compact bone
Looks like growth rings, give strength to bones
Lamella(=little plate)
Runs through center of each osteon; passage way for nerves/vessels; lined with endosteum
Central Haversian canal
At right angle to long axis of osteon; passageway for nerves/vessels to connect to Haversian canal/medullary cavity/periosteum. Lined with endosteum; several per osteon
Perforating Volkmann’s canals
Small cavities between each lamella layer containing osteocytes
Lacuna
Hair-like canals that are passageways to connect adjacent lacuna to each other and the central canal so that osteocytes receive nutrients/excrete wastes
Canaliculi
Layers of lamella surrounding osteons around shaft’s entire circumference for added strength
Circumferential lamella
Bone resorption faster than deposit. Most common in menopausal women. Vertebrae and femur most vulnerable
Osteoporosis
Soft bones usually die due to lack of Ca++ salts and/or vitamin D
Osteomalacia
Occurs during long bone growth in children due to lack of Ca++ salts and/or vitamin D; bones continue to widen to increase strength and stability due to lack of hardness
Rickets
Excessive bone breakdown and abnormal bone formation, causing porous bones but usually due to viral infection
Paget’s disease
