Ch. 6-8: Skeletal System & Joints

Question 1

Functions of bones

Answer 1

Support
Movement
Mineral storage
Hematopoiesis
Protection

Question 2

Dense, thick, outer layer of bond that has a smooth appearance

Answer 2

Compact/dense bone

Question 3

Inner layer of interwoven network of bony pieces with spaces. between filled with bone marrow

Answer 3

Spongy/cancellous bone

Question 4

Four shapes of bones

Answer 4

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

Question 5

Bones that are longer than they are wide. Tubular shaft between two wider ends. Makes up bones of limbs except carpals/tarsals

Answer 5

Long bones

Question 6

About as tall as they are wide/cubed. Carpals and tarsals

Answer 6

Short bones

Question 7

Thin, flattened, curved, 2 parallel surfaces; bones of skull, ribs, sternum, etc.

Answer 7

Flat bones

Question 8

Complex shaped bones. Vertebrae, coxae

Answer 8

Irregular bones

Question 9

Tubular shaft along long axis of bone between two ends; made of this outer collar of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity

Answer 9

Diaphysis

Question 10

Distal ends of diaphysis; made of thick outer collar of compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone filled with bone marrow

Answer 10

Epiphyses

Question 11

Thin disc of hyaline cartilage between epiphyses and diaphysis for long bone growth during adolescence

Answer 11

Epiphyseal disc/plate

Question 12

Calcified remnant of cartilage disc after long bone growth stops in adults

Answer 12

Epiphyseal line

Question 13

Epiphyses are covered in think layer of hyaline cartilage for cushioning joints and bone growth

Answer 13

Articular cartilage plate

Question 14

Connective tissue membranes of bones

Answer 14

Periosteum

Endosteum

Question 15

Layers of the periosteum

Answer 15

Fibrous layer

Osteogenic layer

Question 16

Thick, dense, irregular connective tissue. Outer layer of periosteum.

Answer 16

Fibrous layer

Question 17

Thin, fine, delicate, inner layer of periosteum on the bone shaft containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 17

Osteogenic layer

Question 18

Specific name for the layer of spongy bone between the parallel surfaces of compact bone

Answer 18

Diploe

Question 19

Two types of hematopoietic tissue(bone marrow)

Answer 19

Red

Yellow

Question 20

Fills the cavities of spongy bone of short, flat, irregular bones, epiphyses of long bones in adults. Used for blood cell formation

Answer 20

Red marrow

Question 21

Fills medullary cavity of diaphysis of long bones in adults; used for fat storage. Can be converted to red if needed

Answer 21

Yellow marrow

Question 22

Osteon/ Haversian system

Answer 22

Tubular structural units that make up compact bone

Question 23

Looks like growth rings, give strength to bones

Answer 23

Lamella(=little plate)

Question 24

Runs through center of each osteon; passage way for nerves/vessels; lined with endosteum

Answer 24

Central Haversian canal

Question 25

At right angle to long axis of osteon; passageway for nerves/vessels to connect to Haversian canal/medullary cavity/periosteum. Lined with endosteum; several per osteon

Answer 25

Perforating Volkmann’s canals

Question 26

Small cavities between each lamella layer containing osteocytes

Answer 26

Lacuna

Question 27

Hair-like canals that are passageways to connect adjacent lacuna to each other and the central canal so that osteocytes receive nutrients/excrete wastes

Answer 27

Canaliculi

Question 28

Layers of lamella surrounding osteons around shaft’s entire circumference for added strength

Answer 28

Circumferential lamella

Question 29

Bone resorption faster than deposit. Most common in menopausal women. Vertebrae and femur most vulnerable

Answer 29

Osteoporosis

Question 30

Soft bones usually die due to lack of Ca++ salts and/or vitamin D

Answer 30

Osteomalacia

Question 31

Occurs during long bone growth in children due to lack of Ca++ salts and/or vitamin D; bones continue to widen to increase strength and stability due to lack of hardness

Answer 31

Rickets

Question 32

Excessive bone breakdown and abnormal bone formation, causing porous bones but usually due to viral infection

Answer 32

Paget’s disease