Ch 5 Perceiving groups Flashcards
Discrimination
Positive or negative behavior directed toward a social group and its members
Prejudice
a positive or negative evaluation of a social group and its members.complex and multifaceted, motivational and cognitive processes. Hot or cold.
Stereotype
A mental representation or impression of a social group that people form by associating particular caracteristcis and emotions with the group. ( = basis van vooroordeel, de manier waarop we de wereld verdelen in sociale groepen.), basis voor zowel vooroordeel als discriminatie. walter Lipmann, 1922, pictures in the head, positief of negatieve characteristics, accurate or inaccurate. Proces van correspondence bias.
Social group
two or more people who share some common characteristcis; that is SOCIALLY MEANINGFUL for themselves of for others.
social categorization
the process of identifying individual people as members of a social group because they share certain features that are typical of the group.
categorization
the way we group things or people, and it is an intrinsic part of the way we think about and try to understand the nonsocial world. Master our environment and function effectively in society.
authoritarian personality
based on freudian idead, people who are prejudiced because they cannot accept their own hostility, believe uncritically in the legitimacy of authority, and see their own inadequacies in others= vroegere verklaring voor stereotypering als uitzondering ipv regel. Nu : regel ipv uitzondering.
classical conditioning
a form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus, when paired whith a stimulus that elicits an emotion or other response, itself comes to generate thar response
Illusory correlation
a perceived association between two caracteristics that are not actually related. Onderzoek Hamilton en Gifford:
als iets infrequently occurs it becomes distinctive and people pay attention to it.double distinctive, zie blz 153!!. judging the smaller group to be more criminal than the larger group.
Social norms
generally accepted ways of thinking, feeling, behaving that poepple in a group agree om and endorse as right and proper.
kinderen observeren en imiteren ouders en leraren (niet alleen expliciet)
Just world belief
Lerner, belief that the world is just and people therefore deserve what they get and get what they deserve. blame victims for their misfortunes.
Implicit association test
(greenwald) demonstrate that people automatically associate social groups with positive or negative evaluations.
met EMG; facial elsctromyograph.
positive: zygomatic muscles activity increases
negative attitude: corrugator activity increases
Implicit measures
alternatives to self-report measures, such as priming measures or the IAT, which are based on difficult-to-control aspects of people’s performance, such as their response speed or accuracy
Intersectionality
multiple dimensions of categorization become relevant at the same time (dus niet allen, ras, sexe, geloof etc). als mensen denken aan een etnische of nationale groep, dan denken ze eerder aan mannen van die groep ipv vrouwen. black; male, asian; female
self fulfilling prophecy
when stereotypes lead us to act in ways that produce the very behaviors that confirm out expectations, the stereotype becomes a self fulfilling prophecy.
