Ch 4 The Self Flashcards
self-concept
all of an individual’s knowledge about his or her personal qualities
self-perception theory
the theory that we make inferences about our personal characteristics on the basis of our overt behaviors when internal cues are weak or ambiguous
social comparison theory
the theory that people learn about and evaluate their personal qualities by comparing themselves to others
contrast effect
an effect of a comparison standard or prime that makes the preceiver’s judgement more different from the standard
assimilation effect
an effect of a comparison standard or prime that makes the perceiver’s judgement more similar to the standard
actor observer effect
the idea that we attribute our own behaviors to situational causes while seeing other’s acts as due to their inner characteristics
self-aspects
summaries of a person’s beliefs about the self in specific domains, roles or activities
self-schema
core caracteristics that a person believes characterize him or her across situations
self-esteem
an individual’s positive or negative evaluation of himself or herself. how we feel about it. Onderscheid tussen: trait self esteem is chronic feelings & state self-esteem is fleeting feelings about the self in a particular moment. grote rol van feelings of mastery en connectedness to others.
self-enhancing bias
any tendency to gather or interpret information concerning the self in a way that leads to overly positive evaluations
self-complexity
the extend to which a person possesses many and diverse self-aspects
self-evaluation maintenance
a theory outlining the conditions under which people’s self-esteem will be maintained or will suffer based on social comparisons to close or distant others. abraham tesser.
self-regulation
efforts to control one’s bahavior in line with internal standarts (self-guides) or external standarts
appraisal
an individual’s interpretation of a self-relevant event or situation, both the causes of the event and how the event effects the self, that directs emotional responses and behavior ( + of -, oorzaak zelf, ander, situatie, controle geen controle.
self-expression
a motive for choosing behaviors that are intended to reflect and express the self-concept
self-presentation
a motive for choosing behaviors intended to create in observers a desired impression of the self
self-monitoring
a personality characteristic!! defined as the degree to which people are sensitive to the demands of social situations and shape their behaviors accordingly
ideal self
a person’s sense of what he or she would ideally like to be
ought self
a person’s sense of what he or she is obligated to be, or should be
regulatory focus theory
Higgings: a theory that people typically have either a promotion (ideal self) or prevention focus (ought self), shaping the ways they self-regulate to attain positive outcomes (geluk/verdriet) versus avoiding negative outcomes (opluchting/angst)
self-guides
Tory Higgings significant personal standarts toward which we strive; 2 smaken ideal self en ought self. Self-guides zijn delen van zelf-concept meest closely and directly tied to the self-regulatory function.
self-affirmation
any action or event that enhances or highlights one’s own sense of personal integrity, such as affirming one’s most important values.
self-awareness
a state of heightened awareness of the self, including our internal standarts and whether we measure up to them. focusing attention on the self highlights the distance between our current self and our actual or ideal selves, often unpleasant. people differ in tendency to devote attention to the self.
emotion focused coping
dealing with the negative emotions aroused by threats or stressors, often by suppressing emotions or distraction.
