Ch 4 The Self

Question 1

self-concept

Answer 1

all of an individual’s knowledge about his or her personal qualities

Question 2

self-perception theory

Answer 2

the theory that we make inferences about our personal characteristics on the basis of our overt behaviors when internal cues are weak or ambiguous

Question 3

social comparison theory

Answer 3

the theory that people learn about and evaluate their personal qualities by comparing themselves to others

Question 4

contrast effect

Answer 4

an effect of a comparison standard or prime that makes the preceiver’s judgement more different from the standard

Question 5

assimilation effect

Answer 5

an effect of a comparison standard or prime that makes the perceiver’s judgement more similar to the standard

Question 6

actor observer effect

Answer 6

the idea that we attribute our own behaviors to situational causes while seeing other’s acts as due to their inner characteristics

Question 7

self-aspects

Answer 7

summaries of a person’s beliefs about the self in specific domains, roles or activities

Question 8

self-schema

Answer 8

core caracteristics that a person believes characterize him or her across situations

Question 9

self-esteem

Answer 9

an individual’s positive or negative evaluation of himself or herself. how we feel about it. Onderscheid tussen: trait self esteem is chronic feelings & state self-esteem is fleeting feelings about the self in a particular moment. grote rol van feelings of mastery en connectedness to others.

Question 10

self-enhancing bias

Answer 10

any tendency to gather or interpret information concerning the self in a way that leads to overly positive evaluations

Question 11

self-complexity

Answer 11

the extend to which a person possesses many and diverse self-aspects

Question 12

self-evaluation maintenance

Answer 12

a theory outlining the conditions under which people’s self-esteem will be maintained or will suffer based on social comparisons to close or distant others. abraham tesser.

Question 13

self-regulation

Answer 13

efforts to control one’s bahavior in line with internal standarts (self-guides) or external standarts

Question 14

appraisal

Answer 14

an individual’s interpretation of a self-relevant event or situation, both the causes of the event and how the event effects the self, that directs emotional responses and behavior ( + of -, oorzaak zelf, ander, situatie, controle geen controle.

Question 15

self-expression

Answer 15

a motive for choosing behaviors that are intended to reflect and express the self-concept

Question 16

self-presentation

Answer 16

a motive for choosing behaviors intended to create in observers a desired impression of the self

Question 17

self-monitoring

Answer 17

a personality characteristic!! defined as the degree to which people are sensitive to the demands of social situations and shape their behaviors accordingly

Question 18

ideal self

Answer 18

a person’s sense of what he or she would ideally like to be

Question 19

ought self

Answer 19

a person’s sense of what he or she is obligated to be, or should be

Question 20

regulatory focus theory

Answer 20

Higgings: a theory that people typically have either a promotion (ideal self) or prevention focus (ought self), shaping the ways they self-regulate to attain positive outcomes (geluk/verdriet) versus avoiding negative outcomes (opluchting/angst)

Question 21

self-guides

Answer 21

Tory Higgings significant personal standarts toward which we strive; 2 smaken ideal self en ought self. Self-guides zijn delen van zelf-concept meest closely and directly tied to the self-regulatory function.

Question 22

self-affirmation

Answer 22

any action or event that enhances or highlights one’s own sense of personal integrity, such as affirming one’s most important values.

Question 23

self-awareness

Answer 23

a state of heightened awareness of the self, including our internal standarts and whether we measure up to them. focusing attention on the self highlights the distance between our current self and our actual or ideal selves, often unpleasant. people differ in tendency to devote attention to the self.

Question 24

emotion focused coping

Answer 24

dealing with the negative emotions aroused by threats or stressors, often by suppressing emotions or distraction.

Question 25

terror management theory

Answer 25

a theory stating that reminders of one’s own mortality lead individuals to reaffirm basis cultural worldviews, which can have both positive and negative effects

Question 26

Tend and befriend

Answer 26

Shelly Taylor; nurturing ons’s self, one’s kin, and other people and by creating and maintaining social networks of others. (onder stress. Mannen eerder fight of flight).

Question 27

Problem focused coping

Answer 27

dealing with threats or stressors directly, often by reappraising the situation or by directly removing the threat. (making excuses, seeking to take control, directly attacking the problem). people’s cognitive, emotional and behavioral resources toward reinterpreting the event as nonthreatening or toward physically removing the threat

Question 28

self-handicaping

Answer 28

seeking to avoid blame for an expected poor performance, either by claiming an excuses in advance or y actively sabotaging one’s own performance (for example, by failing to practice). it is a no lose proposition! expre ingredient vergeten, als het toch lukt zelfs nog meer waardering, als het niet lukt; excuus. externe attributie. nadeel: slechter in verbeteren eigen prestaties volgende taak, en negatief gewaardeerd.

Question 29

error related negativity

Answer 29

dweck; mensen die controle ervaren; doen beter hun best en werken harder, betere zelfregulatie, meer gevoelig voor eigen fouten.

Question 30

self-efficacy

Answer 30

Manier om controle uit te oefenen
Bandura, the confidence in our ability to produce the outcomes we desire, sterk gelinkt met hoe we failures verklaren.lack of ability or lack of attention. (fixed growth mindset= eigen aanvulling).

Question 31

countefactual thinking

Answer 31

ander manier voor controle:

how an outcome might have turned out differently. if only (i had studies more), focus on better outcomes.