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PMHNP Purple Book Review > Ch. 5 Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous systems primary function

A

transfer and exchange info

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2
Q

Neuron function

A

-basic cellular unit
-conducts impulses from one part of the body to another

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3
Q

cell body

A

“soma”
-made up of nucleus and cytoplasm w/in cell membrane

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4
Q

stem or axon

A

transmits signals away from the neurons cell body to connect w/ other neurons and cells

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5
Q

dendrites

A

collect incoming signals from other neurons and send the signal toward the neuron’s cell body

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6
Q

CNS composed of:

A

spinal cord and brain

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7
Q

PNS composed of:

A

peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to receptors, muscles, and glands
-includes cranial nerves (just outside of brainstem)
-somatic and autonomic NS

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8
Q

Somatic NS

A

conveys info from CNS to skeletal muscles, responsible for voluntary movement

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9
Q

Autonomic NS

A

regulates internal body functions to maintain homeostasis
-conveys info from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-involuntary movement
-sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

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10
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

excitatory division, prepares body for stress (fight/flight), stimulates or increases activity of organs

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11
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

maintains and restores energy
-inhibits or decreases activity of organs

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12
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons of neurons

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13
Q

gray matter

A

nerve cell bodies and dendrites
-working area of the brain- contains synapses (area of neuronal connection)

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14
Q

outer surface of brain function:

A

increase brain’s surface area- increase working area and cell communication area

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15
Q

Sulci

A

small shallow grooves

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16
Q

Fissures

A

deeper grooves extending into the brain

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17
Q

gyri

A

raised tissue areas

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18
Q

True or false: cerebrum is the largest part of the brain

A

true

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19
Q

left hemisphere

A

dominant for most people, controls most right-sided functions

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20
Q

hemisphere

A

controls most left-sided body functions

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21
Q

corpus callopsum

A

large bundle of white matter that connects the two hemispheres= an area of sensorimotor info exchange between the two hemispheres

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22
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

largest and most developed lobe
-motor
-premotor area
-association cortex
-executive function (working memory, reasoning, planning, prioritizing, impulse control etc…)
-language (Broca’s area), expressive speech
-personality variables

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23
Q

Problems in frontal lobe lead to:

A

personality changes, emotional, and intellectual changes

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24
Q

Temporal lobe functions

A

-language (Wernicke’s area), receptive speech or language comprehension
-primary auditory area
-memory
-emotion
-integration of vision and sensory info

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25
Q

Problems w/ temporal lobe lead to:

A

visual or auditory hallucinations, aphasia, and amnesia

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26
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

-primary visual cortex
-integration area (vision w/ other sensory info)

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27
Q

Problems w/ occipital lobe can lead to:

A

visual field defects, blindness, and visual hallucinations

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28
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

-primary sensory area
-taste
-reading and writing

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29
Q

Problems w/ parietal lobe lead to:

A

sensory-perceptual disturbances and agnosia

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30
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

-controls many behaviors and contralateral side of the body
- sensory info relayed thalamus, then processed and integrated into cortex
-responsible for speech, cognition, judgment, perception, and motor function

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31
Q

Limbic system

A

regulates and modulates emotions and memory
-composed of hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

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32
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

key role in regulatory functions
-appetite
-sensations of hunger and thirst
- water balance
-circadian rhythms
-body temp
-libido
-hormonal regulation

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33
Q

Thalamus function

A

sensory relay station (except for smell)
-modulates flow of sensory info- prevents overwhelming the cortex
-regulates emotions, memory, and related affective behaviors

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34
Q

Hippocampus function

A

regulates memory and converts short-term to long-term memory

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35
Q

Amygdala function

A

responsible for mediating mood, fear, emotion, and aggression
-also connect sensory smell info w/ emotions

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36
Q

Basal ganglia (corpus striatum)

A

complex feedback system to modulate/stabilize somatic motor activity (info from CNS to skeletal muscles)
-role in movement initiation (complex motor func w/ association connections
-learning and autonomic actions (walking, driving, etc…)
-contains extrapyramidal motor system or nerve tract)
-involuntary motor activities (muscle tone, posture, muscle movement coordination, common reflexes)

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37
Q

True or false: the basal ganglia contains both the caudate and the putamen

A

True- collectively, they can be considered the “entrance” to the basal ganglia - both work together to receive input from cerebral cortex

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38
Q

Problems w/ basal ganglia can lead to:

A

bradykinesia, hyperkinesia’s, and dystonia

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39
Q

Brainstem

A

made of cells that produce NTs
-includes midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum and reticular formation

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40
Q

Midbrain function (which NT is produced here?)

A

houses ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (areas of dopamine synthesis)

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41
Q

Pons function (which NT is produced here?)

A

houses locus ceruleus (area of norepinephrine synthesis)

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42
Q

Medulla function

A

together w/ the pons, contains autonomic control centers that regulate internal body functions

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43
Q

Cerebellum function

A

maintain equilibrium; acts as gross movement control center (control movement, balance, posture)

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44
Q

True or false: each hemisphere of the cerebellum has ipsolateral control

A

True

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45
Q

Problems w/ cerebellum can lead to:

A

ataxia

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46
Q

What test can detect issues w/ cerebellum?

A

Romberg test

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47
Q

Reticular formation system

A

primitive brain
-receives input from cortex- integration area for input from postsensory pathways
-innervates thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex

48
Q

glia

A

structures that form myelin sheath around axons and provide protection and support

49
Q

synapse (synaptic cleft)

A

connection site and area of communication between neurons where neurotransmitters are released

50
Q

True or False: synapse converts electrical signal (action potential) from the presynaptic neuron into a chemical signal (NT) that is transferred to the postsynaptic neuron

A

True

51
Q

What are the two phases of an action potential?

A

Depolarization- initial phase (excitatory response), when Na and Ca ions flow into the cell
Repolarization- restoration phase (inhibitory response) when K+ leaves the cell or chloride enters the cell

52
Q

True or False: Issues in either structure or chemistry of the synapse interrupt normal flow of impulses and stimuli

A

True, this contributes to symptoms seen often in psych disorders

53
Q

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine and Serotonin are which type of NT?

A

Monoamines
-DA, Norepi, and Epi= catecholamines
-5HT = an indole

54
Q

What is the precursor to dopamine?

A

tyrosine

55
Q

Dopamine is removed from the synaptic cleft by _______ enzyme action

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymatic action

56
Q

The four dopaminergic pathways are:

A

mesocortical, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, tuberoinfundibular

57
Q

What is the precursor to norepinephrine

A

tyrosine

58
Q

norepinephrine is removed from the synaptic cleft and returned to storage via an_______

A

active reuptake process

59
Q

Where is epinephrine produced?

A

adrenal glands
-epinephrine system also referred to as adrenergic system

60
Q

Where is serotonin produced?

A

raphe nuclei of the brain stem

61
Q

What is the precursor to serotonin?

A

tryptophan

62
Q

serotonin is removed from the synaptic cleft and returned to storage via an_____

A

active reuptake process

63
Q

Which NTs are amino acids?

A

glutamate, aspartate, y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine

64
Q

True or False: glutamate is the universal inhibitory NT

A

False, glutamate is the universal excitatory NT

65
Q

glutamate is involved in the process of ________

A

kindling, which is implicated in seizure disorders and possibly bipolar disorders

66
Q

True or False: aspartate is another excitatory NT

A

True, works w/ glutamate

67
Q

True or False: GABA is the universal inhibitory NT

A

True

68
Q

Which NT is the site of action for benzos, alcohol, barbiturates, and other CNS depressants?

A

GABA

69
Q

True or False: glycine is another excitatory NT

A

False, glycine is an inhibitory NT that works with GABA

70
Q

acetylcholine is which type of NT?

A

cholinergic

71
Q

acetylcholine is synthesized by _____

A

basal nucleus of Meynert

72
Q

precursors to acetylcholine are ____

A

acetylcoenzyme A and choline

73
Q

NTs that are neuropeptides include

A

Non-opioid type: substance P, somatostatin
Opioid type: endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

74
Q

Function of neuropeptides

A

modulate pain; decreased amount of neuropeptides thought to cause substance abuse

75
Q

True or false: enzymatic destruction occurs either in the cytosol or in the synapse

A

True

76
Q

increase in acetylcholine implicated in

A

parkinsonian symptoms

77
Q

decrease in acetylcholine implicated in

A

-Alzheimer’s disease
-impaired memory

78
Q

increase in dopamine implicated in

A

-schizophrenia
-psychosis

79
Q

decrease in dopamine implicated in

A

-substance abuse
-anhedonia
-Parkinson’s disease

80
Q

increase in norepinephrine implicated in

A

anxiety

81
Q

decrease in norepinephrine implicated in

A

depression

82
Q

decrease in serotonin implicated in

A

-depression
-anxiety
-OCD
-schizophrenia

83
Q

decrease in GABA implicated in

A

anxiety disorders

84
Q

increase in glutamate implicated in

A

-bipolar affective disorder
-psychosis (from ischemic neurotoxicity or excessive pruning)

85
Q

decrease in glutamate implicated in

A

-memory and learning difficulty
-negative symptoms of schizophrenia

86
Q

decrease in opioid neuropeptides implicated in

A

substance abuse

87
Q

True or False: reuptake pumps can remove the NT from acting in the synapse

A

True, the NT will be reloaded into the presynaptic neuron and recycled

88
Q

dopamine general functions (5)

A

-thinking
-decision making
-reward-seeking behavior
-fine muscle action
-integrated cognition

89
Q

norepinephrine general functions (6)

A

-alertness
-focused attention
-orientation
-primes fight or flight
-learning
-memory

90
Q

serotonin general functions (7)

A

-regulate sleep
-pain perception
-mood states
-temperature
-regulate aggression
-libido
-precursor for melatonin

91
Q

acetylcholine general functions (7)

A

-attention
-memory
-thirst
-mood regulation
-REM sleep
-sexual behavior
-muscle tone

92
Q

GABA general functions (4)

A

Reduces:
-arousal
-aggression
-anxiety
-excitation

93
Q

glutamate general functions (2)

A

-memory
-sustained autonomic functions

94
Q

peptides, opioid type, main functions (4)

A

-modulate emotions
-reward-center function
-consolidation of memory
-modulates reactions to stress

95
Q

strucutral imaging function

A

provides evidence of size and shape of anatomical structures
exp: CT, MRI

96
Q

computed tomography (CT) provides ______

A

3-dimensional view of brain structures
-differentiates based on density

97
Q

advantages of CT (2)

A

widely available, relatively inexpensive

98
Q

disadvantages of CT

A

-lack of sensitivity
-can’t differentiate white and gray matter
-can’t view structures close to bone tissue
-underestimate brain atrophy
-can’t image sagittal and coronal views
-suggestive, but no specific testing for psych disorders

99
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides _____

A

series of 2-dimensional images that represent the brain

100
Q

advantages MRI

A

-can view brain structures close to skull
-can separate white and gray matter
-readily available
-resolution of brain tissue superior to CT scanning

101
Q

disadvantages MRI

A

-expensive
-contraindications
-hard for claustrophobic pts

102
Q

contraindications to MRI

A

-pacemakers
-metallic implants
-ventilators

103
Q

functional imaging measures____

A

function of brain areas and bases resulting assessment on blood flow
-may use radioactive pharmaceuticals to cross blood-brain barrier
-mainly used for research
-exp: EEG, MEG, SPECT, PET

104
Q

EEG and evolved potentials testing:

A

-least expensive
-convey info on electrical functioning of CNS

105
Q

Magnetoencephalopgraphy (MEG):

A

-similar to EEG but detects different electrical activities
-often complementary w/ EEG

106
Q

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT):

A

-provides info on cerebral blood flow
-limited availability
-expensive (less expensive than PET)

107
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

-provides images of the brain when positron-emitting radionuclei interact w/ an electron
-expensive, requires extensive resources and support team

108
Q

Tests that combine functional and structural imaging (4)

A

-Functional MRI (fMRI)
-3-dimensional, event-related functional MRI (3fEMRI)
-Fluorine magnetic spectroscopy
-Dopamine D2 receptor binding

109
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

Normally 46 total (23 pairs)

110
Q

What are the 4 nucleotide bases that make up DNA?

A

-adenine (A)
-thymine (T)
-cytosine (C)
-guanine (G)

111
Q

True or False: genes direct the production of proteins

A

True

112
Q

Pt that is a fast metabolizer of CYP4502D6 is an example of what?
a. chromosome b. genes c. phenotype d. DNA

A

c. phenotype
(observable characteristic of a specific trait, connected to the genetic contributions to that trait)

113
Q

What does mRNA code for?

A

an amino acid

114
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) detect:

A

single base changes in DNA sequence

115
Q

True or False: variable expression of a gene for a disorder occurs at the cellular level

A

True

116
Q

Testing for which allele is required by FDA in people of Asian descent prior to prescribing carbamazepine? (d/t risk of SJS and TEN)

A

HLA-B*1502 allele, an inherited variant of HLA-B gene

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