Ch 5: Human Movement Science

Question 1

Biomechanics

Answer 1

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

Question 2

Superior

Answer 2

Position above a point of reference

Question 3

Inferior

Answer 3

Positioned below a point of reference

Question 4

Proximal

Answer 4

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.

Question 5

Distal

Answer 5

Positioned further from the center of the body, or point of reference

Question 6

Anterior (or ventral)

Answer 6

On the front of the body.

Question 7

Posterior (or dorsal)

Answer 7

On the back of the body.

Question 8

Medial

Answer 8

Positioned near the the center line of the body. The vertical center line

Question 9

Lateral

Answer 9

Position toward the outside of the body. Away form the vertical center line

Question 10

Contralateral

Answer 10

Positioned on the opposite side of the bodies centerline.

Question 11

Ipsilateral

Answer 11

Positioned on the same side of the bodies centerline

Question 12

Anatomic Position

Answer 12

The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and palms forward.

Question 13

Sagittal Plane

Answer 13

An Imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.

Question 14

Frontal Plane

Answer 14

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

Question 15

Transverse Plane

Answer 15

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

Question 16

Flexion

Answer 16

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.

Question 17

Extension

Answer 17

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.

Question 18

Hyperextension

Answer 18

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.

Question 19

Abduction

Answer 19

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Question 20

Adduction

Answer 20

A movement in the frontal plane towards the midline of the body

Question 21

Internal rotation

Answer 21

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

Question 22

External rotation

Answer 22

A rotation of a joint away from the midline of the body.

Question 23

Horizontal abduction

Answer 23

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

Question 24

Horizontal adduction

Answer 24

Movement of the arm or the thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

Question 25

Scapular retraction

Answer 25

Adduction of the scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

Question 26

Scapular protraction

Answer 26

Abduction of the scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

Question 27

Scapular depression

Answer 27

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.

Question 28

Scapular elevation

Answer 28

Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.

Question 29

What are the three types of muscle action

Answer 29

Isotonic (eccentric and concentric) - Constant Muscle Tension Isometric - Constant Muscle Length Isokinetic - (Constant Velocity of Motion)

Question 30

Isotonic Movement

Answer 30

In an isotonic muscle contraction, force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion. Isotonic Movements requite tension through the full range of motion.

Question 31

What are the two phases of an isotonic movement

Answer 31

The eccentric phase and the concentric phase.

Question 32

Eccentric muscle action

Answer 32

An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening. An eccentric motion is synonymous with decelerating, or Moving in the same direction as the resistance decelerates or reduces force.

Question 33

Concentric muscle action

Answer 33

When a muscle is exerting a force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle (flex). A concentric muscle action is synonymous with acceleration like the lifting phase during a resistance training exercise.

Question 34

Isometric muscle action

Answer 34

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length. This is usually seen when trying to keep some limb still or hold some position in resistance to a force.

Question 35

Isokinetic muscle action

Answer 35

When a muscle is exerting a constant force over some range of motion. Example: N/A

Question 36

Length Tension Relationship

Answer 36

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

Question 37

Force-Velocity curve

Answer 37

The force-velocity curve refers to the relationship of muscle's ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities.

Question 38

Force-couple

Answer 38

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint

Question 39

First Class Lever

Answer 39

have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first class lever. Fulcrum in the middle

Question 40

Second Class Lever

Answer 40

Second-class levers have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side. The body acts like a second-class lever during a full-body pushup, or a calf raise. Resistance in the middle

Question 41

Third Class Lever

Answer 41

Third-class levers have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. Most limbs of the human body are operated as third class levers. Like when doing a bicep curl. Effort is in the middle.

Question 42

Rotary motion

Answer 42

Movement of the bones around a joint

Question 43

Torque

Answer 43

A force that produces rotation, Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.

Question 44

How can you use the principles of lever lengths to increase or decrease the difficulty of a movement

Answer 44

Shortening a lever length will decrease the amount of force needed where as increasing a lever length will make and exercise more difficult.

Question 45

Motor behavior

Answer 45

Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.

Question 46

Motor control

Answer 46

How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

Question 47

Motor learning

Answer 47

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.

Question 48

Motor development

Answer 48

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

Question 49

Muscle Synergies

Answer 49

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.

Question 50

Proprioception

Answer 50

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements.

Question 51

Sensorimotor integration

Answer 51

The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.

Question 52

Feedback

Answer 52

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

Question 53

Internal Feedback (Sensory feedback)

Answer 53

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.

Question 54

External Feedback

Answer 54

Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.