Ch 5: Human Movement Science Flashcards
Biomechanics
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.
Superior
Position above a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned below a point of reference
Proximal
Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.
Distal
Positioned further from the center of the body, or point of reference
Anterior (or ventral)
On the front of the body.
Posterior (or dorsal)
On the back of the body.
Medial
Positioned near the the center line of the body. The vertical center line
Lateral
Position toward the outside of the body. Away form the vertical center line
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the bodies centerline.
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the bodies centerline
Anatomic Position
The position with the body erect with the arms at the sides and palms forward.
Sagittal Plane
An Imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves.
Frontal Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
Transverse Plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.
Flexion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases.
Extension
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases.
Hyperextension
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion.
Abduction
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Adduction
A movement in the frontal plane towards the midline of the body
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
External rotation
A rotation of a joint away from the midline of the body.
Horizontal abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.
Horizontal adduction
Movement of the arm or the thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.
Scapular retraction
Adduction of the scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
Scapular protraction
Abduction of the scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Scapular depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.
Scapular elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.
What are the three types of muscle action
Isotonic (eccentric and concentric) - Constant Muscle Tension
Isometric - Constant Muscle Length
Isokinetic - (Constant Velocity of Motion)
Isotonic Movement
In an isotonic muscle contraction, force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement occurs through a given range of motion.
Isotonic Movements requite tension through the full range of motion.
What are the two phases of an isotonic movement
The eccentric phase and the concentric phase.
Eccentric muscle action
An eccentric muscle action occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.
An eccentric motion is synonymous with decelerating, or Moving in the same direction as the resistance decelerates or reduces force.
Concentric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting a force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle (flex).
A concentric muscle action is synonymous with acceleration like the lifting phase during a resistance training exercise.
Isometric muscle action
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.
This is usually seen when trying to keep some limb still or hold some position in resistance to a force.
Isokinetic muscle action
When a muscle is exerting a constant force over some range of motion.
Example: N/A
Length Tension Relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.
Force-Velocity curve
The force-velocity curve refers to the relationship of muscle’s ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities.
Force-couple
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
First Class Lever
have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first class lever.
Fulcrum in the middle
Second Class Lever
Second-class levers have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side. The body acts like a second-class lever during a full-body pushup, or a calf raise.
Resistance in the middle
Third Class Lever
Third-class levers have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. Most limbs of the human body are operated as third class levers.
Like when doing a bicep curl.
Effort is in the middle.
Rotary motion
Movement of the bones around a joint
Torque
A force that produces rotation, Common unit of torque is the newton-meter or Nm.
How can you use the principles of lever lengths to increase or decrease the difficulty of a movement
Shortening a lever length will decrease the amount of force needed where as increasing a lever length will make and exercise more difficult.
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli.
Motor control
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
Motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements.
Motor development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
Muscle Synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement.
Proprioception
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements.
Sensorimotor integration
The cooperation of the nervous and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement.
Feedback
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
Internal Feedback (Sensory feedback)
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment.
External Feedback
Information provided by some external source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.
