Ch 4: Exercise metabolism and Bioenergetics

Question 1

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 1

Energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body

Question 2

Bioenergetics

Answer 2

The study of energy in the human body.

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. Metabolism is the process in which nutrients are acquired, trasnported. used, and disposed of by the body.

Question 4

Exercise metabolism

Answer 4

The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.

Question 5

Substrates

Answer 5

The material or substance on which an enzyme acts.

Question 6

The effect of a lack of carbohydrates

Answer 6

Fatigue, poor mental function, lack of endurance and stamina

Question 7

Carbohydrates are digested into…

Answer 7

Glucose

Question 8

Fats are digested into….

Answer 8

Triglycerides

Question 9

What are the three main substrates?

Answer 9

Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins

Question 10

What is it called when amino acids are used to assist in energy production?

Answer 10

Gluconeogenesis

Question 11

Carbohydrates

Answer 11

Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are an important source of energy. All carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body to glucose, a simple sugar.

Question 12

Glucose

Answer 12

A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat, and to a lesser extent protein, which serves as the body’s main source of fuel.

Question 13

Glycogen

Answer 13

The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells. When carbohydrate energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells.

Question 14

Fat

Answer 14

One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Fats help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In food, there are two types of fats, saturated and unsaturated.

Question 15

Triglycerides

Answer 15

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

Question 16

Protein

Answer 16

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur, and that have several essential biologic compounds.

Question 17

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 17

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.

Question 18

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 18

A high-energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed. It’s also the biproduct of ATP being split for energy.

Question 19

About how much energy from ATP is used for muscle contraction

Answer 19

Only about 40% the rest is released as heat.

Question 20

Phosphorylation

Answer 20

ATP creation by the addition of a phosphate to ADP

Question 21

What are the three metabolic pathways in which cells can generate ATP?

Answer 21

1. The ATP-PC system
2. The glycolitic system (glycolysis)
3. The oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 22

The ATP-PC System (of energy production)

Answer 22

The process of creating a new ATP molecule from a phosphocreatine molecule is the simplest and fastest of the energy systems, and occurs without the presence of oxygen.
The system provides energy for primarily high-intensity, short-duration bouts of exercise or activity.
Like power lifting or short sprinting.

Question 23

Glycolisis

Answer 23

The chemical breakdown of glucose or glycogen to produce ATP.

Question 24

The two types of
Glycolysis

Answer 24

1. Glucose/Glycogen –> pyruvic acid: aerobic glycolysis
2. Glucose/Glycogen –> lactic acid: anaerobic glycolysis

Question 25

Which produces more ATP through glycolysis Glucose or Glycogen?

Answer 25

Glycogen. Glucose produces 2 ATP per mole and Glycogen produces 3 ATP per mole

Question 26

What is the duration of the Glycolytic energy system? (Glycolysis)

Answer 26

Approximately 30-50 seconds of work

Question 27

What is the duration of the ATP-PC energy stystem?

Answer 27

About 10 -15 seconds or work

Question 28

The oxidative system

Answer 28

The process that uses substrates with the aid of OXYGEN to generate ATP.

Question 29

What are the three processes of the oxidative system?

Answer 29

1. Aerobic glycolysis 2. The Krebs cycle 3. The electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 30

ß-oxidization

Answer 30

The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called free fatty acids (FFAS) to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP.

Question 31

What is the recovery period of the ATP-PC cycle

Answer 31

Approximately 90 seconds

Question 32

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Answer 32

The amount of carbon dioxide expired, divided by the amount of oxygen consumed, measured during rest or at steady state of exercise using a metabolic analyzer.

Question 33

What RQ ratio indicates that solely carbohydrates are being used during steady-state exercise

Answer 33

1.0

Question 34

What RQ ratio indicates that solely fats are being used during steady-state exercise

Answer 34

0.7

Question 35

What RQ ratio indicates a mix of carbohydrates and fats are fueling steady-state exercise

Answer 35

0.17 - 0.99

Question 36

How does RQ relate to the myth of the fat-burning zone?

Answer 36

While lower intensity exercise my decrease RQ and therefore use a higher percentage of fat as energy, it is likely that increasing total calories burned by increasing intensity will contribute to higher use of fat as an energy source even though the ratio of carbohydrates to fats used as fuel will favor carbohydrate use.