ch 5

Question 1

abolitionist

Answer 1

a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

Question 2

affirmative action

Answer 2

the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously.

Question 3

Americans with disabilities act

Answer 3

a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability

Question 4

brown v board of education

Answer 4

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Question 5

cesar Chavez

Answer 5

an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962

Question 6

civil rights

Answer 6

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

Question 7

Chinese exclusion act

Answer 7

a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

Question 8

civil rights act of 1875

Answer 8

sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era in response to civil rights violations

Question 9

civil rights act of 1964

Answer 9

a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.

Question 10

dolores huerta

Answer 10

n American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers.

Question 11

dred Scott v Sanford

Answer 11

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that the U.S. Constitution was not meant to include American citizenship for black people

Question 12

Dwight d eisenhower

Answer 12

n American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961

Question 13

Eleanor roosevelt

Answer 13

an American political figure, diplomat and activist. She served as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s four terms in office, making her the longest serving First Lady of the United States.

Question 14

Elizabeth cady Stanton

Answer 14

an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement.

Question 15

emancipation proclamation

Answer 15

a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It changed the federal legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African Americans in the designated areas of the South from slave to free.

Question 16

equal pay act of 1963

Answer 16

a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. It was signed into law on June 10, 1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program

Question 17

equal protection clause

Answer 17

a clause within the text of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides “nor shall any State […] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”

Question 18

equal rights amendment

Answer 18

a proposed amendment to the US Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one’s sex.

Question 19

fifteenth amendment

Answer 19

prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen’s “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

Question 20

fourteenth amendment

Answer 20

the amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

Question 21

Frederick douglass

Answer 21

an American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his oratory and incisive antislavery writings.

Question 22

grandfather clause

Answer 22

a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in.

Question 23

Harriet tubman

Answer 23

an American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad

Question 24

harry s truman

Answer 24

3rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president. He implemented the Marshall Plan to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established the Truman Doctrine and NATO.

Question 25

intermediate standard of review

Answer 25

In order to overcome the intermediate scrutiny test, it must be shown that the law or policy being challenged furthers an important government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest.

Question 26

Jim Crow laws

Answer 26

state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965.

Question 27

John f Kennedy

Answer 27

an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.

Question 28

korematsu v us

Answer 28

a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship

Question 29

Lawrence v texas

Answer 29

a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Question 30

LEAGUE OF UNITED Latin American CITIZENS

Answer 30

sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States.

Question 31

lgbt community

Answer 31

a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements.

Question 32

Lucretia mott

Answer 32

a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.

Question 33

Martin Luther king jr

Answer 33

an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968

Question 34

Mexican American legal defense and educational fund

Answer 34

a national non-profit civil rights organization formed in 1968 to protect the rights of Latinos in the United States.

Question 35

national American woman suffrage association

Answer 35

an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States. It was created by the merger of two existing organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association.

Question 36

national association for the advancement of colored people

Answer 36

civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans

Question 37

NAACP legal defense and educational fund

Answer 37

is a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

Question 38

national organization for women

Answer 38

an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C

Question 39

national women’s party

Answer 39

an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage.

Question 40

nineteenth amendment

Answer 40

prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex.

Question 41

obergefell v Hodges

Answer 41

a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Question 42

plessy v Ferguson

Answer 42

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as “separate but equal”.

Question 43

poll tax

Answer 43

a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century.

Question 44

progressive era

Answer 44

a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption

Question 45

rational basis standard of review

Answer 45

normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment. Courts applying rational basis review seek to determine whether a law is “rationally related” to a “legitimate” government interest, whether real or hypothetical

Question 46

Rosa Parks

Answer 46

an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has called her “the first lady of civil rights” and “the mother of the freedom movement”.

Question 47

Seneca falls convention

Answer 47

the first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848

Question 48

separate but equal

Answer 48

a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.

Question 49

standards of review

Answer 49

the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal

Question 50

strict scrutiny

Answer 50

a form of judicial review that courts use to determine the constitutionality of certain laws.

Question 51

suffrage movement

Answer 51

the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the late 1800s, women worked for broad-based economic and political equality and for social reforms, and sought to change voting laws in order to allow them to vote.

Question 52

susan b Anthony

Answer 52

an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17

Question 53

suspect classifications

Answer 53

any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

Question 54

thirteenth amendment

Answer 54

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime

Question 55

title ix

Answer 55

a federal civil rights law in the United States of America that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 197

Question 56

thurgood marshall

Answer 56

an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice.

Question 57

united states v Windsor

Answer 57

a landmark civil rights case[1][2][3] in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.