AP GOV CH 2 BRIANNA NORIEGA Flashcards

1
Q

Alexander Hamilton

A

A key Framer who envisioned a powerful central government, co-authored The Federalist Papers, and served as the first Secretary of the Treasury.

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2
Q

Anti-Federalists

A

Those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government; opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

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3
Q

Article I

A

Vests all legislative powers in the Congress and establishes a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives; it also sets out the qualifications for holding office in each house, the terms of office, the methods of selection of representatives and senators, and the system of apportionment among the states to determine membership in the House of Representatives.

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4
Q

Article II

A

Vests the executive power, that is, the authority to execute laws of the nation, in a president of the United States; section 1 sets the president’s term of office at four years and explains the Electoral College and states the qualifications for office and describes a mechanism to replace the president in case of death, disability, or removal from office.

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5
Q

Article III

A

Establishes a Supreme Court and defines its jurisdiction.

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6
Q

Article IV

A

Mandates that states honor the laws and judicial proceedings of other states. Also includes the mechanisms for admitting new states to the union. Full Faith and Credit Clause.

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7
Q

Article V

A

Specifies how amendments can be added to the Constitution

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8
Q

Article VI

A

Contains the supremacy clause, which asserts basic primacy of the Constitution and national law over state laws and constitutions.

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9
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

The compact between the thirteen original colonies that created a loose league of friendship, with the national government drawing its powers from the states.

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10
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

A brilliant inventor and senior statesman at the Constitutional Convention who urged colonial unity as early as 1754, twenty-two years before the Declaration of Independence.

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11
Q

Bill of Rights

A

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which largely gurantee specific rights and liberties.

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12
Q

Checks and Balances

A

A constitutionally mandated structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of the others.

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13
Q

Common Sense

A

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that challenged the authority of the British government to govern the colonies.

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14
Q

Constitution

A

A document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government.

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15
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

The meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that was first intended to revise the Articles of Confederation but produced an entirely new document, the U.S. Constitution.

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16
Q

Crispus Attacks

A

An African American and first American to die in what became known as the Boston Massacre in 1770.

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17
Q

Critical Period

A

The chaotic period from 1781 to 1789 after the American Revolution during which the former colonies were governed under the Articles of Confederation.

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18
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Document drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that proclaimed the right of the American colonies to separate from Great Britain.

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19
Q

Electoral College

A

The system established by the Constitution through which the president is chosen by electors from each state, which has as many electoral votes as it has members of Congress.

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20
Q

Enumerated Powers

A

The powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article I, section 8 of the Constitution.

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21
Q

Federalism

A

The distribution of constitutional authority between state governments and the national government, with different powers and functions exercised by both.

22
Q

Federalists

A

Those who favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed U.S. Constitution; later became the first U.S. political party.

23
Q

The Federalist Papers

A

A series of eighty-five political essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

24
Q

First Continental Congress

A

Meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5 to October 26, 1774, in which fifty-six delegates (from every colony except Georgia) adopted a resolution in opposition to the Coercive Acts.

25
Q

French and Indian War

A

The American Phase of what was called the Seven Years War, fought from 1754 to 1763 between Britain and France with Indian allies.

26
Q

Full Faith and Credit Clause

A

Section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state.

27
Q

George Washington

A

Widely considered the “Father of the Nation,” he was the commander of the revolutionary armies; served as the presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention; and as the United States’ first president from 1789 to 1797.

28
Q

Great Compromise

A

The final decision of the Constitutional Convention to create a two-house legislature, with the lower house elected by the people and powers divided between the two houses; also made national law supreme.

29
Q

Implied Powers

A

The powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause.

30
Q

Inherent Powers

A

Powers that belong to the president because they can be inferred from the Constitution.

31
Q

James Madison

A

A key Framer often called the Father of the Constitution” for his role in conceptualizing the federal government. Co-authored The Federalist Papers; served as secretary of state; served as the fourth U.S. president from 1809 to 1817.

32
Q

John Jay

A

A member of the Founding generation who was the First Chief Justice of the United States. A diplomat and co-author of the Federalist Papers.

33
Q

Lexington and Concord

A

The first sites of armed conflicts between revolutionaries and British soldiers, remembered for the shot heard around the world”in 1775.

34
Q

Mercantilism

A

An economic theory designed to increase a nation´s wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade.

35
Q

Montesquieu

A

The French baron and political theorist who first articulated the concept of separation of powers with checks and balances.

36
Q

Necessary and Proper Clause

A

The first paragraph of Article I, section 8, of the Constitution, which gives Congress the authority to pass all laws ¨necessary and proper¨ to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the Constitution; also called the elastic clause.

37
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

A framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states; it called for a one-house legislature with one vote for each state, a Congress with the ability to raise revenue, and a Supreme Court appointed for life.

38
Q

New World

A

The Western Hemisphere of Earth, also called the Americas, which unknown to Europeans before 1492.

39
Q

Political Culture

A

Commonly shared attitude, behaviors, and core values about how government should operate.

40
Q

Samuel Adams

A

Cousin of President John Adams and an early leader against the British and loyalist oppressions; he played a key role in developing the Committee of Correspondence and was active in Massachusetts and colonial politics.

41
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

Meeting that convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, at which it was decided that an army should be raised and George Washington of Virginia was named commander in chief.

42
Q

Separation of Powers

A

A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, the executive, and judicial branches, each staffed separately, with equality and independence of each branch ensured by the Constitution.

43
Q

Shays’ Rebellion

A

A rebellion in which an army of 1,500 disgruntled and angry farmers led by Daniel Shays marched to Springfield, Massachusetts, and forcibly restrained the state court from foreclosing mortgages on their farms.

44
Q

Social Contract Theory

A

The belief that governments exist based on the consent of the governed.

45
Q

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

A

Loosely organized groups of patriotic American colonists who were early revolutionaries.

46
Q

Stamp Act Congress

A

A gathering of nine colonial representatives in 1765 in New York City where a detailed list of Crown violations was drafted; the first meeting of the colonies and the first official step toward creating a united nation.

47
Q

Supremacy Clause

A

Portion of Article IV of the Constitution mandating that national law is supreme over (that is, supersedes) all other laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision government.

48
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Principle drafter of the Declaration of Independence; second vice president of the United States; third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Co-founder of the Democratic-Republican Party created to oppose Federalists.

49
Q

Thomas Paine

A

The influential writer of Common Sense, a pamphlet that advocated for independence from Great Britain.

50
Q

Three-Fifths Compromise

A

Agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention stipulating that three-fifths of the total slave population of each state was to be for purposes of determining population for representation in the U.S. House Of Representatives.

51
Q

Virginia Plan

A

A proposed framework for the Constitution favoring large state. It called for a bicameral legislature, which would appoint executive and judicial officers.