Ch 45 The Immune System: Internal Defense

Question 1

Phagocytes, Natural killer (NK) cells, and Toll-like receptors

Answer 1

Nonspecific Responses

Question 2

Engulf bacteria
– neutrophils
– macrophages

Answer 2

Phagocytes

Question 3

Most common white blood cell

Answer 3

Neutrophils

Question 4

Most common in other tissues

Answer 4

Macrophages

Question 5

– release chemicals that destroy body cells – in both nonspecific and specific response

Answer 5

Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 6

– cell-surface receptors on NK cells
– recognize common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
• not specific pathogens

Answer 6

Toll-like receptors

Question 7

• Target specific antigens
– molecules recognized as foreign or dangerous by immune system cells
• When it encounters antigens, immune system produces antibodies
– highly specific proteins
– recognize and bind to specific antigens

Answer 7

Specific Immune Responses

Question 8

Two main types participating in specific responses are

Answer 8

• antigen presenting cells

- lymphocytes: T-cells and B-cells

Question 9

• Display foreign antigens and their own surface proteins
– B cells
– macrophages
– dendritic cells:
-specialized to process, transport, and present antigens
-in skin and other body tissues that interact with environment

Answer 9

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Question 10

• Develop from stem cells in bone marrow

Answer 10

Lymphocytes

Question 11

3 Types of Lymphocytes

Answer 11

– Natural Killer Cells
– B-cells
– T-cells

Question 12

For non-specific response

Answer 12

Natural Killer Cells

Question 13

Mature in bone marrow

Answer 13

B-cells

Question 14

Mature in thymus gland

Answer 14

T-cells

Question 15

Lymphocytes Participate in:

Answer 15

– Cell-mediated immunity

– Antibody-mediated immunity

Question 16

T cells are responsible for

Answer 16

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 17

– controls the establishment of immunocompetence in T cells (to distinguish between self and nonself)

Answer 17

Thymus gland

Question 18

• T cells receive information from antigen presenting cells to target specific antigens remain for long term defense
– clones of T cells are formed for action

Answer 18

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Question 19

• B and T cells are pre-made to recognize antigens; how is this possible?
• Millions of genetically different types of B and T cells are produced
– Due to rearrangement (a type of mutation) of preexisting DNA segments and new mutations during creation
– While the pathogens are evolving new antigen patterns (also through rearrangement & mutation), these semi-independent cells in our bodies are doing the same thing
• With millions of random options, one usually works

Answer 19

Antibody Diversity

Question 20

1. Previous exposure causes plasma cells to a make pollen-specific antibody.
2. Antibody attaches to mast cells. 3. Pollen is inhaled.
3. Pollen antigen combines with antibody on mast cell.
4. Mast cell releases histamine.
5. Histamine causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
   a) edema
   b) redness
   c) mucus
   d) restriction of respiratory passages
   • Systemic anaphylaxis: rapid, widespread allergic reaction. Can lead to death from low blood pressure, too much plasma lost from blood.

Answer 20

Allergic Reaction

Question 21

• An immune response in which T cells destroy the transplant
• Stimulated by foreign antigens in transplanted tissues
• Often must suppress the immune system during transplant
– but may risk an infection without immune capabilities

Answer 21

Transplant Rejection

Question 22

• Body reacts immunologically against its own tissues

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Multiple sclerosis

Answer 22

Autoimmune Disease

Question 23

Joint proteins attacked

Answer 23

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Question 24

Myelin attacked

Answer 24

Multiple sclerosis