Ch 44 Internal Transport

Question 1

• Combination of the Cardiovascular and

Immune/Lymphatic systems plus associated organs

Answer 1

Vertebrate Circulatory System

Question 2

Vertebrate Circulatory System functions have diversified extensively

Answer 2

– Transports: nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones
– Helps maintain fluid balance, pH, temperature
– Defends against microrganisms

Question 3

• Intercellular matrix of blood
• Water and salts
• Substances in transport

Answer 3

Plasma

Question 4

– fibrinogen
• for blood clotting
– some are antibodies

Answer 4

Plasma Protein

Question 5

• Transport oxygen; help with CO2 transport

* Contain hemoglobin

Answer 5

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Question 6

– red pigment that binds with oxygen
– some invertebrates have free
hemoglobin-like pigment without red blood cells (earthworms)
– others have different transport pigments (& no rbc ’s)
• hemocyanin in some mollusks is blue

Answer 6

Hemoglobin

Question 7

Defend body against disease organisms
– semi-independent, amoeboid cells
– Examples
• Neutrophils 
• Lymphocytes

Answer 7

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Question 8

60% of WBCs

– perform phagocytosis

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Question 9

25-35% of WBCs
– make antibodies
– destroy foreign cells
-with chemicals

Answer 9

Lymphocytes

Question 10

Platelets
– Patch damaged blood vessels
– Release substances essential for blood clotting

Answer 10

Blood clotting

Question 11

Fragments of cells with membrane, no nucleus

Answer 11

Platelets

Question 12

Carry blood away from heart

Answer 12

Arteries

Question 13

Return blood to the heart

Answer 13

Veins

Question 14

What in blood vessels cause:
– constriction
– dilation

Answer 14

Smooth muscles

Question 15

– directly connect arterioles and venules

Answer 15

Metarterioles

Question 16

Branch off metarterioles
– thin-walled exchange vessels
– allow materials to transfer between blood and tissues

Answer 16

Capillaries

Question 17

Blood flows from arteries to veins via metarterioles and capillaries.
Smooth muscle sphincters control which capillaries receive blood.
Plasma may move from capillaries to interstial fluid. Fluid is returned to veins through lymphatic vessels.

Answer 17

Blood Vessels

Question 18

• Specialized cardiac muscles move blood
• Valves prevent backflow of blood
• Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
– initiates each heartbeat
• Specialized muscle cells conduct action potential throughout heart
– coordinates beats

Answer 18

The Human Heart

Question 19

Connects heart and lungs

• Right ventricle ➡️ pulmonary arteries ➡️ lungs (pulmonary capillaries)➡️pulmonary vein ➡️left atrium

Answer 19

Pulmonary circulation

Question 20

Connects heart and tissues
• Left ventricle ➡️aorta ➡️arteries ➡️body organs (capillary networks)➡️veins➡️superior or inferior vena cava➡️returns to right atrium

Answer 20

Systemic circulation

Question 21

Are far from the heart and have low blood pressure.

Answer 21

Veins

Question 22

Blood flow in veins is maintained through:

Answer 22

• low resistance
• one way valves
• body movement
• nearby skeletal muscles help move blood

Question 23

• Important in fluid balance 
• Defends body against disease
– phagocytes filter out bacteria 
• Absorbs lipids 
• Collects interstitial fluid, returns it to blood

Answer 23

Lymphatic System

Question 24

Clear fluid formed from interstitial fluid

Answer 24

Lymph

Question 25

Slowly carry lymph to the cardiovascular system

Answer 25

Lymph capillaries and “veins”

Question 26

– masses of lymph tissue containing
lymphocytes
– filter bacteria, harmful materials out of lymph

Answer 26

Lymph nodes