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Bio 3 > Ch 41-42 Neural Signals and Systems > Flashcards

Ch 41-42 Neural Signals and Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Have many branched dendrites and a single long axon

A

Neurons

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2
Q

– extend from cell body of neuron

– specialized to receive stimuli & send signals to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

– extends from cell body of neuron
– forms branches (axon collaterals)
– transmits signals into terminal branches which end in synaptic terminals

A

Axon

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4
Q

Fatty insulation around axons in vertebrates

A

Myelin Sheath

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5
Q

Glial cells forming myelin sheath in the PNS (formed by other glial cells In the CNS)

A

Schwann cells

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6
Q

Gaps in sheath between successive Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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7
Q

• Electrical signals transmit information along axons
• but not flow of electrons like in electrical wires
• Plasma membrane of resting neuron (not transmitting an impulse) is polarized (the 2 sides of membrane have different charges)
• Cytoplasm negatively charged relative to fluid outside
– due to different ion concentrations
• ion: charged molecule
• e.g. Na+, K+, Cl-, PO
• Difference in charges measured in voltage

A

Neuron Signals

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8
Q
  • self-propagating depolarization wave that moves down the axon
  • wave of opening and closing ion channels
  • transmission of a nerve impulse is like burning a trail of gun powder
  • action potential at one end generates action potential in adjacent areas
A

Nerve Impulse: Action Potential Wave

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9
Q

Involves entire length of axon plasma membrane

– takes place in unmyelinated neurons

A

Continuous Conduction

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10
Q 
– Depolarization skips along axon from one Node of Ranvier to the next
• more rapid than continuous conduction
• takes place in myelinated neurons
– Nodes of Ranvier
• where axon is not covered by myelin
• location of ion channels
A

Saltatory Conduction

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11
Q

• Junctions between two neurons

– or between a neuron and effector

A

Synapses

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12
Q

– gap junctions: physical connection by ion channels

– allows continuation of impulse

A

Electrical Synapses

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13
Q

– separation of neurons by synaptic
cleft (a space between cells)
– neurotransmitters: chemical messengers conduct the signal
• released by exocytosis

A

Chemical Synapses

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14
Q

Complex neural circuits are created by

convergence and divergence

A

Neural Circuits

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15
Q

Allows many information sources to affect a single nerve.

A

Convergence

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16
Q

Allows a single signal to reach many destinations.

A

Divergence

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17
Q 
Allows an initial impulse to propagate continuing impulses
• Important in
-rhythmic breathing 
-mental alertness 
-short-term memory
A

Reverberating Circuit

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18
Q

– only stopped by a depleting of neurotransmitters or independent inhibitor stimuli

A

Positive feedback

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19
Q

– Cnidarians
– nerve net (nerve cells scattered in body)
– no central control organ

A

Nerve Net

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20
Q

– Echinoderms
– central nerve ring
– nerves extend to various parts of the body in network similar to nerve net

A

Radial Nervous System

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21
Q

• Ventral nerve cord, numerous ganglia
• Afferent and efferent lateral neurons
• Cerebral ganglia with specialized functional
regions (arthropods)

A

Annelids and Arthropods

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22
Q 
Central Nervous System (CNS)
– brain
– spinal cord  
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
– sensory receptors
– neurons outside the CNS
A

Vertebrate Nervous System

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23
Q

• Protected by bone and 3 meninges (connective tissue)
1. dura mater
2. arachnoid
3. pia mater
• Cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid in subarachnoid space

A

Human CNS

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24
Q

4 types of Glial Cells of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

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25
Q
  • physical & nutritional support to neurons - coordinate neuron activity (including learning)
  • induce blood vessels to form the blood-brain barrier
  • some serve as neural stem cells
A

Astrocytes

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26
Q

Myelin sheaths around axons in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

Mobile, phagocytic cells

A

Microglia

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28
Q
  • line cavities in the CNS
  • contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid
  • can serve as neural stem cells
A

Ependymal Cells

29
Q
  • Transmits impulses to and from brain
  • Controls many reflex actions
  • White matter
  • Gray matter
A

The Spinal Cord

30
Q

Myelinated axons in bundles

A

White matter

31
Q

Inside the white matter

– masses of cell bodies, dendrites, & unmyelinated axons

A

Gray matter

32
Q

Parts of The Human Brain

A 
Brain Stem 
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
33
Q

Medulla, pons, and midbrain

  • and controls many involuntary processes
  • e.g. heart rate, swallowing, coughing
  • respiratory and sleep centers
  • for visual and auditory reflexes
A

Brain stem

34
Q

Second largest division

-for muscular coordination and refinement of movements

A

Cerebellum

35
Q

Between brain stem and cerebrum -sort and interpret all sensory information (except olfaction) before relaying to cerebrum

A

Thalamus

36
Q

Below thalamus; connected to pituitary gland

-control of body temperature, appetite, fat metabolism, some emotions, pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

Largest division

A

Cerebrum

38
Q 
• Affects emotional aspects of behavior
– motivation
– sexual activity
– autonomic responses
– biological rhythms
A

Limbic System

39
Q

Feeling states experienced spontaneously
– humans are born with capacity for fear, anger, sadness, happiness
– limbic system is present in all mammals

A

Emotions

40
Q

Center of intellect, memory, consciousness, language
-controls sensation and motor functions

Divided into right and left hemispheres
- each with four lobes

A

The Cerebrum

41
Q

Outer gray matter in brain

  • divided into
    1) motor,
    2) sensory,
    3) association areas
A

Cerebral cortex

42
Q

Myelinated axons of neurons that connect regions of the brain

  • inner part of brain, unlike in spinal cord
  • Corpus callosum
A

White matter

43
Q

Large band connecting hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

44
Q

Functional Areas of the Cerebrum

A

Occipital lobes
Temporal lobes
Parietal lobes
Frontal lobes

45
Q

Visual centers

A

Occipital lobes

46
Q

Hearing centers

A

Temporal lobes

47
Q
  • Somatosensory area:
  • touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain
  • Integration of sensory input
A

Parietal lobes

48
Q
  • Motor areas:
  • control skeletal muscles
  • Prefrontal cortex:
  • an association area
A

Frontal lobes

49
Q

– process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
– can be conscious or unconscious (e.g. motor skills)
– can be stored in many regions

A

Memory

50
Q

– recalls information (such as telephone number) for a few minutes
– possibly caused by reverberating circuits

A

Short-term memory

51
Q

Information can be transferred from short-term memory to

A

long-term memory and learning

52
Q

Enables changes in behavior
– nervous system changes in response to experience
– includes learning to walk, ride a bicycle, a new language

A

Neural plasticity

53
Q

Process of acquiring knowledge or skills as a result of experience

A

Learning

54
Q

Ability of nervous system to modify synapses
– allows learning and remembering
– probably the major form of neural plasticity

A

Synaptic plasticity

55
Q

An alteration of consciousness
– decreased electrical activity in the cerebral cortex
– from which a person can be aroused

A

Sleep

56
Q

– electrical activity of cerebral cortex slows

– metabolic rate slows

A

non-REM sleep

57
Q

– characterized by rapid eye movement, dreams

- high brain activity

A

REM sleep

58
Q
  • The amount of time asleep varies greatly in mammals, from 3 h in the donkey up to 20 h in the lion, sloth, & armadillo.
  • Recent data are consistent with trade-offs between sleep and foraging time.
A

Function of Sleep is Not Known

59
Q

Many drugs alter mood by increasing or
decreasing the ________ of specific
neurotransmitters within the brain

A

concentrations

60
Q

Habitual use of mood-altering drugs can

result in

A

psychological dependence

addiction

61
Q

– body ’s response to the drug decreases

– greater amounts needed for desired effect – THIS INCLUDES CAFFEINE

A

Tolerance

62
Q

Consists of sensory receptors and nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System

63
Q

– responds to changes in external environment

A

Somatic division

64
Q

– regulates internal activities of the body

A

Autonomic division

65
Q

In the PNS neurons are grouped into

A

Nerves

66
Q

– >100 axons
– wrapped in connective
tissue

A

Nerve

67
Q

– mass of neuron cell bodies

A

Ganglion

68
Q

• has efferent nerves subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems • Organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
– which function in opposite ways
• Example:
– sympathetic system increases heart rate
– parasympathetic system decreases heart rate

A

Autonomic System

Bio 3 (10 decks)

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