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Bio 3 > Ch 40 Protect, Support, And Movement > Flashcards

Ch 40 Protect, Support, And Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

• In both invertebrates and vertebrates
– protects underlying tissues
– specialized sensory or respiratory

A

Protective Coverings: Outer Epithelial Tissue

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2
Q

Outer epithelium also specialized to _____, examples:

A

Secrete
– sweat
– lubricants or adhesives
– odorous or poisonous substances

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3
Q

Skin and structures that develop from Vertebrates Coverings: Integumentary System

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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4
Q

Outer layer of epithelial tissue

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

Lower layer of mostly dense connective tissue

A

Dermis

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6
Q

Main Vertebrate Skin Derivatives

A

Scales and Feathers

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7
Q

Other Vertebrate Skin Derivatives

A

Claws or nails
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Sensory

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8
Q

Protects body from outer environment

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

– most superficial layer
– consists of dead cells filled with keratin
– keratin

A

Stratum Corneum

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10
Q

Insoluble protein that reduces water loss and gives mechanical strength to skin

A

Keratin

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11
Q

– cells divide, are pushed up to skin surface
– cells mature, flatten, produce keratin,
– eventually die and slough off

A

Stratum Basale

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12
Q

• Consists of dense, fibrous connective tissue

– contains blood vessels, glands, & sensory receptors

A

Dermis

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13
Q

Rests on layer of subcutaneous tissue composed largely of

A

Insulating Fat

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14
Q

Often specialized to secrete protective and/or supportive layers of nonliving material

A

Epithelial Tissue in Invertebrates

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15
Q

2 Types of Epithelial Tissue in Invertebrates

A

Cuticle and Calcium Carbonate Shell

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16
Q

Outer covering in arthropods and others

A

Cuticle

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17
Q

Epithelial tissue in corals and mollusks

A

Calcium Carbonate Shell

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18
Q

• Supports and protects the body
• Transmits mechanical forces generated by
muscles

A

The Skeletal System

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19
Q 
• Fluid in closed body
compartment
– transmits forces generated by contractile cells or muscle
• Found in soft-bodied invertebrates
– cnidarians, annelids,
caterpillars
A

Hydrostatic Skeleton

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20
Q

• Nonliving skeleton secreted by epithelial tissue
– characteristic of mollusks and arthropods
– doesn’t grow, arthropods must molt periodically

A

Exoskeletons

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21
Q

– composed partly of chitin
– jointed for flexibility
– adapted for many lifestyles

A

Arthropod skeleton

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22
Q

• Consist of living tissue
– can grow with organism
– calcium-impregnated connective tissues
• Found in echinoderms and chordates

A

Endoskeletons

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23
Q

2 sections of The Vertebrate Skeleton

A

Axial

Appendicular

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24
Q 
• generally for protection
– skull 
– vertebral column 
– rib cage 
– sternum
A

Axial skeleton

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25
Q 
– limbs
– pectoral girdle
– pelvic girdle 
• generally for movement
– forms system of levers to transmit muscle forces
A

Appendicular skeleton

26
Q

– covered by periosteum
– thin outer shell of compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone
– filling of spongy bone containing red marrow (produces blood cells)
– central cavity containing yellow marrow (fatty connective tissue)

A

A typical long bone

27
Q

• membrane for attachment of tendons & ligaments

A

Periosteum

28
Q

Compact bone composed of units called

A

Osteons

29
Q

Arranged in concentric circles around Haversian canals

A

Osteocytes (cells)

30
Q

Contains blood vessles

A

Haversian canals

31
Q

Threadlike cytoplasmic extensions connecting osteocytes

A

Canaliculi

32
Q

– develop from cartilage templates during endochondral bone development

A

Long bones

33
Q

– develop from noncartilage connective tissue by intramembranous bone development

A

Other bones (such as flat bones of skull)

34
Q

Bone is constantly remodeled due to

A

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

35
Q

Cells that produce bone

• become osteocytes as bone matrix forms

A

Osteoblasts

36
Q

Moving multinucleate cells that break down bone

A

Osteoclasts

37
Q

Junctions of two or more bones

A

Joints

38
Q

– sutures of the skull

A

Immovable joints

39
Q

– joints of cartilage between vertebrae that absorb shock

A

Slightly movable joints

40
Q

– enclosed by joint capsule lined with membrane that secretes synovial fluid
– ligaments
– help convert muscle contractions into movement

A

Freely Movable Joints

41
Q

Connective tissue bands that
reinforce joint capsule, connect bones, &
limit movement in joints

A

Ligaments

42
Q

• In vertebrates and most invertebrates
– muscle tissue contracts (shortens)
– moves body parts by pulling on them

A

Muscular System

43
Q

Three types of muscle

A

– skeletal
– smooth
– cardiac muscle

44
Q

Connect to bones on each side of joints

A

Muscles

45
Q

Connective tissue, attaches muscles to bones

A

Tendon

46
Q

Skeletal muscles act antagonistically through

A

Agonist and Antagonist

47
Q

Muscle that produces a particular action

A

Agonist

48
Q

Muscles that produces the opposite movement

A

Antagonist

49
Q

– organ made up of muscle fibers (cells) in bundles wrapped in connective tissue

A

Skeletal muscle (such as biceps)

50
Q 
consist of
– threadlike myofibrils
– composed of 2 types of smaller myofilaments 
– myosin filaments: thick filaments 
– actin filaments: thin filaments
A

Muscle fibers (cells)

51
Q

Muscle contraction occurs when sarcomeres shorten.

Actin and Myosin do not shorten. They slide past each other.

A

Sliding Filament Model

52
Q

• A group of skeletal muscle fibers stimulated by a single motor neuron
• Muscles requiring more refined motion are innervated by motor units that connect with fewer muscle fibers.
• Motor recruitment
– messages from brain activate motor neurons
• The more motor units recruited, the stronger the
contractions

A

A Motor Unit

53
Q

– activated by brief electrical stimulus

A

Simple twitch

54
Q

Greater tension than simple twitch

– twitches add together when stimulus is received before previous contraction is complete

A

Summation

55
Q

Extreme summation
– smooth, sustained contraction
– series of stimuli timed very close together

A

Tetanus

56
Q

– constant state of partial contraction in readiness

– controlled by motor neurons

A

Muscle Tone

57
Q
  • Specialized for endurance activities

* Contract slowly, fatigue slowly

A

Slow-Oxidative Fibers

58
Q
  • Specialized for rapid response

* Contract fast, intermediate rate of fatigue

A

Fast-Oxidative Fibers

59
Q

Rich in mitochondria, obtain most of their ATP from aerobic respiration
• Red color due to high myoglobin content
– red pigment that stores oxygen

A

Both

60
Q
  • Generate high power for a brief period
  • Contract fast, fatigue quickly, have few mitochondria, use glycolysis as a major pathway for ATP synthesis
  • White fibers: low myoglobin
  • Converted to fast-oxidative fibers in individuals receiving regular exercise
A

Fast-Glycolytic Fibers

61
Q
  • Not connected to bones
  • Forms tubes that squeeze like body of earthworm
  • Myofilaments not organized into myofibrils
  • Fibers in a muscle work as a single unit, not several motor units
  • Contracts slowly but shortens more than striated muscle
  • Cross-bridges between myosin and actin hold longer, allowing high level of sustained force with less ATP
A

Smooth Muscle

62
Q
  • No sustained contractions
  • Continuous alternating rhythm independent of nerve stimuli
  • Heartbeats initiated by specialized muscle cells called the pacemaker
  • Heart rate can be regulated by neurons in brain
A

Cardiac Muscle

Bio 3 (10 decks)

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