Ch 40 Protect, Support, And Movement

Question 1

• In both invertebrates and vertebrates
– protects underlying tissues
– specialized sensory or respiratory

Answer 1

Protective Coverings: Outer Epithelial Tissue

Question 2

Outer epithelium also specialized to _____, examples:

Answer 2

Secrete
– sweat
– lubricants or adhesives
– odorous or poisonous substances

Question 3

Skin and structures that develop from Vertebrates Coverings: Integumentary System

Answer 3

Epidermis and Dermis

Question 4

Outer layer of epithelial tissue

Answer 4

Epidermis

Question 5

Lower layer of mostly dense connective tissue

Answer 5

Dermis

Question 6

Main Vertebrate Skin Derivatives

Answer 6

Scales and Feathers

Question 7

Other Vertebrate Skin Derivatives

Answer 7

Claws or nails
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Sensory

Question 8

Protects body from outer environment

Answer 8

Epidermis

Question 9

– most superficial layer
– consists of dead cells filled with keratin
– keratin

Answer 9

Stratum Corneum

Question 10

Insoluble protein that reduces water loss and gives mechanical strength to skin

Answer 10

Keratin

Question 11

– cells divide, are pushed up to skin surface
– cells mature, flatten, produce keratin,
– eventually die and slough off

Answer 11

Stratum Basale

Question 12

• Consists of dense, fibrous connective tissue

– contains blood vessels, glands, & sensory receptors

Answer 12

Dermis

Question 13

Rests on layer of subcutaneous tissue composed largely of

Answer 13

Insulating Fat

Question 14

Often specialized to secrete protective and/or supportive layers of nonliving material

Answer 14

Epithelial Tissue in Invertebrates

Question 15

2 Types of Epithelial Tissue in Invertebrates

Answer 15

Cuticle and Calcium Carbonate Shell

Question 16

Outer covering in arthropods and others

Answer 16

Cuticle

Question 17

Epithelial tissue in corals and mollusks

Answer 17

Calcium Carbonate Shell

Question 18

• Supports and protects the body
• Transmits mechanical forces generated by
muscles

Answer 18

The Skeletal System

Question 19

• Fluid in closed body
compartment
– transmits forces generated by contractile cells or muscle
• Found in soft-bodied invertebrates
– cnidarians, annelids,
caterpillars

Answer 19

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Question 20

• Nonliving skeleton secreted by epithelial tissue
– characteristic of mollusks and arthropods
– doesn’t grow, arthropods must molt periodically

Answer 20

Exoskeletons

Question 21

– composed partly of chitin
– jointed for flexibility
– adapted for many lifestyles

Answer 21

Arthropod skeleton

Question 22

• Consist of living tissue
– can grow with organism
– calcium-impregnated connective tissues
• Found in echinoderms and chordates

Answer 22

Endoskeletons

Question 23

2 sections of The Vertebrate Skeleton

Answer 23

Axial

Appendicular

Question 24

• generally for protection
– skull 
– vertebral column 
– rib cage 
– sternum

Answer 24

Axial skeleton

Question 25

``` – limbs – pectoral girdle – pelvic girdle • generally for movement – forms system of levers to transmit muscle forces ```

Answer 25

Appendicular skeleton

Question 26

– covered by periosteum – thin outer shell of compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone – filling of spongy bone containing red marrow (produces blood cells) – central cavity containing yellow marrow (fatty connective tissue)

Answer 26

A typical long bone

Question 27

• membrane for attachment of tendons & ligaments

Answer 27

Periosteum

Question 28

Compact bone composed of units called

Answer 28

Osteons

Question 29

Arranged in concentric circles around Haversian canals

Answer 29

Osteocytes (cells)

Question 30

Contains blood vessles

Answer 30

Haversian canals

Question 31

Threadlike cytoplasmic extensions connecting osteocytes

Answer 31

Canaliculi

Question 32

– develop from cartilage templates during endochondral bone development

Answer 32

Long bones

Question 33

– develop from noncartilage connective tissue by intramembranous bone development

Answer 33

Other bones (such as flat bones of skull)

Question 34

Bone is constantly remodeled due to

Answer 34

Osteoblasts | Osteoclasts

Question 35

Cells that produce bone | • become osteocytes as bone matrix forms

Answer 35

Osteoblasts

Question 36

Moving multinucleate cells that break down bone

Answer 36

Osteoclasts

Question 37

Junctions of two or more bones

Answer 37

Joints

Question 38

– sutures of the skull

Answer 38

Immovable joints

Question 39

– joints of cartilage between vertebrae that absorb shock

Answer 39

Slightly movable joints

Question 40

– enclosed by joint capsule lined with membrane that secretes synovial fluid – ligaments – help convert muscle contractions into movement

Answer 40

Freely Movable Joints

Question 41

Connective tissue bands that reinforce joint capsule, connect bones, & limit movement in joints

Answer 41

Ligaments

Question 42

• In vertebrates and most invertebrates – muscle tissue contracts (shortens) – moves body parts by pulling on them

Answer 42

Muscular System

Question 43

Three types of muscle

Answer 43

– skeletal – smooth – cardiac muscle

Question 44

Connect to bones on each side of joints

Answer 44

Muscles

Question 45

Connective tissue, attaches muscles to bones

Answer 45

Tendon

Question 46

Skeletal muscles act antagonistically through

Answer 46

Agonist and Antagonist

Question 47

Muscle that produces a particular action

Answer 47

Agonist

Question 48

Muscles that produces the opposite movement

Answer 48

Antagonist

Question 49

– organ made up of muscle fibers (cells) in bundles wrapped in connective tissue

Answer 49

Skeletal muscle (such as biceps)

Question 50

``` consist of – threadlike myofibrils – composed of 2 types of smaller myofilaments – myosin filaments: thick filaments – actin filaments: thin filaments ```

Answer 50

Muscle fibers (cells)

Question 51

Muscle contraction occurs when sarcomeres shorten. | Actin and Myosin do not shorten. They slide past each other.

Answer 51

Sliding Filament Model

Question 52

• A group of skeletal muscle fibers stimulated by a single motor neuron • Muscles requiring more refined motion are innervated by motor units that connect with fewer muscle fibers. • Motor recruitment – messages from brain activate motor neurons • The more motor units recruited, the stronger the contractions

Answer 52

A Motor Unit

Question 53

– activated by brief electrical stimulus

Answer 53

Simple twitch

Question 54

Greater tension than simple twitch | – twitches add together when stimulus is received before previous contraction is complete

Answer 54

Summation

Question 55

Extreme summation – smooth, sustained contraction – series of stimuli timed very close together

Answer 55

Tetanus

Question 56

– constant state of partial contraction in readiness | – controlled by motor neurons

Answer 56

Muscle Tone

Question 57

* Specialized for endurance activities | * Contract slowly, fatigue slowly

Answer 57

Slow-Oxidative Fibers

Question 58

* Specialized for rapid response | * Contract fast, intermediate rate of fatigue

Answer 58

Fast-Oxidative Fibers

Question 59

Rich in mitochondria, obtain most of their ATP from aerobic respiration • Red color due to high myoglobin content – red pigment that stores oxygen

Answer 59

Both

Question 60

* Generate high power for a brief period * Contract fast, fatigue quickly, have few mitochondria, use glycolysis as a major pathway for ATP synthesis * White fibers: low myoglobin * Converted to fast-oxidative fibers in individuals receiving regular exercise

Answer 60

Fast-Glycolytic Fibers

Question 61

* Not connected to bones * Forms tubes that squeeze like body of earthworm * Myofilaments not organized into myofibrils * Fibers in a muscle work as a single unit, not several motor units * Contracts slowly but shortens more than striated muscle * Cross-bridges between myosin and actin hold longer, allowing high level of sustained force with less ATP

Answer 61

Smooth Muscle

Question 62

* No sustained contractions * Continuous alternating rhythm independent of nerve stimuli * Heartbeats initiated by specialized muscle cells called the pacemaker * Heart rate can be regulated by neurons in brain

Answer 62

Cardiac Muscle