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BIO 181: College Biology I > Ch 42: Animal Diversity > Flashcards

Ch 42: Animal Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Sponges

A

Porifera; a phylum characterized by few cell types, no complex tissues or organs, and an irregular form, with no clearly defined plane of symmetry.

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2
Q

Choanocytes

A

A type of cell that lines the interior surface of a sponge; choanocytes have flagella and function in nutrition and gas exchange.

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3
Q

Mesohyl

A

A gelatinous mass that lies between the interior and exterior cell layers of a sponge that contains some amoeba-like cells that function in skeleton formation and the dispersal of nutrients.

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4
Q

Eumetazoa

A

A group of anatomically diverse animals that are united by a number of synapomorphies, including the development of diverse cell types, distinct tissues, and gastrulation.

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5
Q

Cnidarian

A

A phylum characterized by radial symmetry, two germ tissues in the embryo, a closed internal gastric cavity, and well-developed tissues but not organs; includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

In mammals, the outer layer of skin, which serves as a water-resistant, protective barrier. In plants, the outermost layer of cells in leaves, young stems (lacking secondary growth), and roots. In general, the outer layer of the body.

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7
Q

Endodermis

A

In plants, a layer of cells surrounding the xylem and phloem at the center of the root that controls the movement of nutrients into the xylem. Also, the inner lining of the cnidarian body.

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8
Q

Ctenophores

A

Comb-jellies; species in this phylum have a radial body plan but a flow-through gut; they propel themselves by cilia arranged like a comb along the long axis of the body.

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9
Q

Placozoans

A

Possibly the simplest of all animals; each contains only a few thousand cells arranged into upper and lower epithelia that sandwich an interior fluid crisscrossed by a network of multinucleate fiber cells.

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10
Q

Protostomia

A

Bilaterians in which the blastopore—the first opening into the embryo interior that is formed during gastrulation—usually develops into the organism’s mouth.

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11
Q

Deutrostomia

A

Bilaterians in which the blastopore develops into the anus. Includes echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates.

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12
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

A group of bilaterians that includes mollusks and annelid worms.

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13
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

A subclade of the protostome animals, characterized by the episodic molting of an exoskeleton during growth.

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14
Q

Annelid Worm

A

A phylum of worms (Annelida) that have a cylindrical body with distinct segments and a bilaterian body plan.

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15
Q

Mollusks

A

A monophyletic invertebrate group distinguished by a mantle, which plays a major role in movement, skeleton-building, breathing, and excretion; includes clams, snails, and squid.

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16
Q

Gastropods

A

A group of mollusks consisting of snails and slugs.

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17
Q

Cephalopods

A

A monophyletic group of mollusks, including squid, cuttlefish, octopus, and chambered nautilus, with distinctive adaptations such as well-developed eyes, a siphon derived from fused mantle tissue that directs movement by jet propulsion, and muscular tentacles that capture prey and sense the environment.

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18
Q

Bivalves

A

A group of mollusks that includes clams, oysters, and mussels; they have an enclosing skeleton made up of two mineralized shells (valves) connected by a flexible hinge.

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19
Q

Nematodes

A

Roundworms, the most numerous of all animals; a phylum of the Ecdysozoa.

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20
Q

Chitin

A

A modified polysaccharide containing nitrogen that makes up the cell walls of fungi and the hard exoskeletons of arthropods.

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21
Q

Insects

A

The most diverse of the four main groups of arthropods, with a head, thorax, and abdomen, and six walking legs.

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22
Q

Chelicerates

A

One of the four main groups of arthropods, including spiders and scorpions, chelicerates have pincer-like claws and are the only arthropods that lack antennae.

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23
Q

Myriapods

A

One of the four main groups of arthropods, including centipedes and millipedes; distinguished by their many pairs of legs.

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24
Q

Crustaceans

A

One of the main groups of arthropods, including lobsters, shrimp, and crabs; distinguished by two pairs of antennae and their branched legs or other appendages.

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25
Q

Metamorphosis

A

The process in some animals in which the body changes dramatically at key stages in development.

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26
Q

Spiracles

A

An opening in the exoskeleton on either side of an insect’s abdomen through which gases are exchanged.

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27
Q

Trachae

A

An internal system of tubes in insects that branch from openings along the abdominal surface into smaller airways, directing oxygen to and removing carbon dioxide from respiring tissues.

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28
Q

Hemichordata

A

One of the three major phyla of deuterostomes, this group includes acorn worms and pterobranchs.

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29
Q

Echinodermata

A

One of the three major phyla of deuterostomes, defined by five-part symmetry; this group includes sea urchins and sea stars.

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30
Q

Chordata

A

One of the three major phyla of deuterostomes, this group includes vertebrates and closely related invertebrate animals such as sea squirts and lancelets.

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31
Q

Pharynx

A

In chordates, the region of the throat that connects the mouth and nasal cavities to the digestive system and, in vertebrates, to the lungs.

32
Q

Pharyngeal Slits

A

A vertical opening separated from other slits by stiff rods of protein in the pharynx of chordates.

33
Q

Dorsal Nerve Cord

A

A nerve cord that develops in a location dorsal to the notochord; this embryonic feature is unique to chordates.

34
Q

Water Vascular System

A

A series of fluid-filled canals that permit bulk transport of oxygen and nutrients in echinoderms.

35
Q

Tube Feet

A

In echinoderms, small projections of the water vascular system that extend outward from the body surface and facilitate locomotion, sensory perception, food capture, and gas exchange.

36
Q

Cephalochordates

A

A subphylum of Chordata that shares key features of body organization with vertebrates but lacks a well-developed brain and eyes, has no lateral appendages, and does not have a mineralized skeleton. Amphioxus, or the lancelet, is the best known example.

37
Q

Tunicats

A

A subphylum of Chordata that includes about 3000 species of filter-feeding marine animals, such as sea squirts and salps.

38
Q

Vertabrates

A

A subphylum of Chordata, distinguished by a bony cranium that protects the brain and (unless lost through evolution), a vertebral column; also known as craniates.

39
Q

Notochord

A

In chordates, a stiff rod of cartilage-like tissue that runs along the back and provides support for the axis of the body.

40
Q

Vertebral Column

A

A skeletal structure in vertebrates that functionally replaces the embryonic notochord that supports the body.

41
Q

Neural Tube

A

In chordates, a cylinder of embryological tissue that develops into a dorsal nerve cord.

42
Q

Myotomes

A

In chordates, any one of a series of segments that organizes the body musculature.

43
Q

Vertebrae

A

The series of hard bony segments making up the jointed skeleton that runs along the main axis of the body in vertebrates.

44
Q

Hagfish

A

A vertebrate animal with a cranium built of cartilage but no jaws; hagfish feed on marine worms and dead and dying sea animals.

45
Q

Lampreys

A

A vertebrate animal with a cranium and vertebral column built of cartilage but no jaws; many lampreys live parasitically, sucking body fluids from fish prey.

46
Q

Cartilaginous Fish

A

Chondrichthyes; a monophyletic group of fish that includes about 800 species of sharks, rays, and chimaeras.

47
Q

Bony Fish

A

Osteichthyes; fish that have a cranium, jaws, and mineralized bones. This group includes about 20,000–25,000 species.

48
Q

Lobe-finned Fish

A

Species of fish with paired pectoral and pelvic fins that have a bone structure similar to that of tetrapod limbs.

49
Q

Coelancanth

A

Two species of lobe-finned fish found long thought to have been extinct for 80 million years but which still live today; along with lungfish, the nearest relatives of tetrapods.

50
Q

Lungfish

A

Several species of lobe-finned fish that use a simple lung to survive periods when their watery habitat dries by burying themselves in moist mud and breathing air; along with coelacanths, the closest relatives of tetrapods.

51
Q

Tetrapod

A

Four-legged vertebrate animals.

52
Q

Tetrapoda

A

A monophyletic group of animals whose last common ancestor had four limbs; this group includes amphibians, lizards, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and mammals; some tetrapods, like snakes, have lost their legs in the course of evolution.

53
Q

Amphibia

A

A monophyletic group of vertebrates, including frogs and salamanders, with an aquatic larval form with gills and an adult terrestrial form that usually has lungs.

54
Q

Amniotic Egg

A

An egg that can exchange gases while retaining water, permitting reproduction in dry terrestrial habitats.

55
Q

Amniotes

A

The group of vertebrate animals that produces amniotic eggs; this group includes lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and mammals.

56
Q

Mammals

A

A class of vertebrates distinguished by body hair and mammary glands from which they feed their young.

57
Q

Marsupials

A

A group of mammals that includes kangaroos, koalas, and opossums; their young are born at an early stage of development and must crawl to abdominal mammary glands that provide them with milk.

58
Q

Placental Mammals

A

A mammal that provides nutrition to the embryo through the placenta, a temporary organ that develops in the uterus.

59
Q

Placenta

A

In placental mammals, an organ formed by the fusion of the chorion and allantois that allows the embryo to obtain nutrients directly from the mother.

60
Q

All lophotrochozoans have:

A

bilateral symmetry and complex organs.

61
Q

The myriapods include the _____, which are fast-moving predators with front legs modified into venomous fanglike organs, and _____, which are slow-moving herbivores.

A

centipedes; millipedes

62
Q

T/F: In at least one group of fish, Osteichthyes, a structure known as a swim bladder was modified to become a primitive lung.

A

True

63
Q

Sponges have ____ symmetry.

A

no

64
Q

The majority of all known animal species are:

A

insects

65
Q

T/F: In Arthropod development, Hox genes specify the ultimate development of each segment.

A

True

66
Q

T/F: Cartilaginous fish can typically only tolerate low levels of urea.

A

False

67
Q

A phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis of the:

A

evolutionary relationships among different species.

68
Q

A close evolutionary relationship between annelids and mollusks is suggested by the presence of a _____ larva in both phyla as well as by molecular sequence comparisons.

A

trochophore

69
Q

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with these characteristics: exoskeleton, tracheal system for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. Given these characteristics you could also predict that this organism is a(an):

A

Arthropod

70
Q

Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that _____ diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals.

A

poriferans

71
Q

A characteristic shared by all Deuterostomes at some stage in their life cycle is:

A

dorsal nerve cord.

72
Q

A close evolutionary relationship between annelids and mollusks is suggested by the presence of a _____ larva in both phyla as well as by molecular sequence comparisons.

A

trochophore

73
Q

In their adult form, Tunicates have all of the major characteristics of Chordates except:

A

notochord and dorsal nerve cord.

74
Q

On a phylogenetic tree, more closely related species branch from points ______ the tips of the tree.

A

closer too

75
Q

On a phylogenetic tree, distantly related species diverge from branch points nearer to the tree’s:

A

base

76
Q

Compared to cnidarians, bilaterally symmetrical animals have _____ nervous systems.

A

centralized

BIO 181: College Biology I (21 decks)

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