Ch 28: Plant Reproduction

Question 1

Spore

Answer 1

A reproductive cell capable of growing into a new individual without fusion with another cell.

Question 2

Sporophyte

Answer 2

Describes the diploid multicellular generation in plants that produces spores.

Question 3

Gametophyte

Answer 3

In alternation of generations, describes the haploid multicellular generation that gives rise to gametes.

Question 4

Alternation of Generations

Answer 4

A sexual life cycle in which haploid and diploid phases alternate; especially in plants, the alternation of generations involving a multicellular haploid gametophyte and a multicellular diploid sporophyte.

Question 5

Sporangium

Answer 5

In plants, a multicellular structure in which haploid spores are formed by meiosis.

Question 6

Sporopollenin

Answer 6

A complex mixture of polymers that is remarkably resistant to environmental stresses such as ultraviolet radiation and desiccation. In plants, found in the walls of pollen and spores.

Question 7

Ovule

Answer 7

A reproductive structure in seed plants consisting of the female gametophyte developing within a sporangium and surrounded by outer protective layers. Ovules, when fertilized, develop into seeds.

Question 8

Pollen

Answer 8

In seed plants, the multicellular male gametophyte surrounded by a sporopollenin-containing outer wall.

Question 9

Pollination

Answer 9

The process in which pollen is carried to an ovule.

Question 10

Seed

Answer 10

A mature fertilized ovule consisting of a seed coat, a nutritive tissue, and the embryo; seeds are multicellular structures that allow offspring to disperse away from the parent plant.

Question 11

Ovulate Cones

Answer 11

A reproductive shoot in gymnosperms that produces ovules.

Question 12

Pollen Cones

Answer 12

A reproductive shoot in gymnosperms that produces pollen.

Question 13

Seed Coat

Answer 13

A protective outer structure surrounding the seed.

Question 14

Dorminacy

Answer 14

A time period in the life of an organism when growth, development, and metabolism slow down or stop; in plants, a state in which seeds are prevented from germinating even though environmental conditions are favorable.

Question 15

Sepal

Answer 15

A structure, often green, that forms the outermost whorl of a flower and, with other sepals, encases and protects the flower during its development.

Question 16

Petal

Answer 16

A structure, often brightly colored and distinctively shaped, occurring in the next-to-outermost whorl of a flower; petals attract and orient animal pollinators.

Question 17

Stamen

Answer 17

A pollen-producing floral organ.

Question 18

Carpel

Answer 18

The ovule-producing organ in flowers.

Question 19

Flower Ovary

Answer 19

In angiosperms, a hollow structure at the base of the carpel in which the ovules develop and which protects the ovules from being eaten or damaged by animals; in animals, the female gonad where eggs are produced.

Question 20

Stigma

Answer 20

The surface at the top of the carpel, to which pollen adheres.

Question 21

Style

Answer 21

A cylindrical stalk between the ovary and the stigma, through which the pollen tube grows.

Question 22

Anther

Answer 22

In flowering plants, a structure at the top of a stamen consisting of several sporangia in which pollen is produced.

Question 23

Self-compatible species

Answer 23

Describes species in which pollen and ovules produced by flowers on the same plant can produce viable offspring.

Question 24

Self-incompatible species

Answer 24

Describes species in which pollination by the same or a closely related individual does not lead to fertilization.

Question 25

Endosperm

Answer 25

A triploid tissue within angiosperm seeds that supplies nutrition to the embryo.

Question 26

Double Fertilization

Answer 26

In angiosperms, the process in which two sperm from a single pollen tube fuse with (1) the egg and (2) the two haploid nuclei of the central cell. The first fusion forms the zygote; the second develops into the nutritive endosperm.

Question 27

Fruit

Answer 27

In angiosperms, the structure that develops from the ovary, sometimes united with adjacent tissues, and serves to protect immature seeds and enhance dispersal once the seeds are mature.

Question 28

Apomixis

Answer 28

A process in some species of flowering plants in which seeds develop in the absence of fertilization.

Question 29

Vegetative Reproduction

Answer 29

Asexual reproduction by growth and fragmentation.

Question 30

The transport of pollen to the ovule is called:

Answer 30

Pollination

Question 31

In ferns, the _____ generation is physically larger.

Answer 31

Diploid sporophyte

Question 32

The protective outer covering of a seed is called the:

Answer 32

seed coat

Question 33

The first step in the evolution of the seed plant life cycle was likely:

Answer 33

the production of two types of spores in separate sporangia.

Question 34

The multicellular sporophyte of bryophytes turns a single fertilization event into ____ new haploid individual(s), whereas fertilization in Chara and Coleochaete leads to _____ new haploid individual(s).

Answer 34

thousands of; four

Question 35

T/F: In vascular plants, xylem and phloem are only present in the sporophyte generation.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

In the second step in the evolution of the seed plant life cycle:

Answer 36

both gametophytes develop while still in their sporangia.

Question 37

Seeds are composed of:

Answer 37

diploid tissues of the ovule-bearing sporophyte.

Question 38

The evolution of pollen can be thought of as the re-purposing of the sporopollenin-coated wall of spores to disperse _____ by air and protect them from desiccation.

Answer 38

male gametophytes

Question 39

In seed plants, the union of sperm and egg does not require:

Answer 39

the release of swimming sperm into the environment.

Question 40

Pollen cones can be thought of as modified:

Answer 40

shoots bearing leaves bearing sporangia.

Question 41

In seed plants, the outermost protective tissues of the ovule are derived from:

Answer 41

Sporophyte

Question 42

In angiosperms, a _____ is contained in the anthers or ovaries, and the _____ consists of the rest of the plant.

Answer 42

gametophyte; sporophyte

Question 43

A large flower that is white, fragrant, and open at night is likely pollinated by a:

Answer 43

bat

Question 44

T/F: Many asexually reproducing plants produce horizontal stems, allowing new plants to grow at a distance from founder or parent plants.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Many species of angiosperms are self-incompatible due to the presence of the _____-gene.

Answer 45

S

Question 46

What is the fundamental reproductive unit that the cones of gymnosperms, flowers of angiosperms, and the reproductive fronds of ferns all share in common?

Answer 46

a leaflike organ bearing sporangia

Question 47

T/F: Vegetative, asexual reproduction is not possible in woody plants, such as trees, due to their more complex growth patterns.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

The hormone that enhances fruit ripening is:

Answer 48

ethylene

Question 49

T/F: Because vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, it can result in offspring that are genetically distinct from parent plants (via genetic recombination); however, genetic recombination in plants is a rare occurrence.

Answer 49

False