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BIO 181: College Biology I > Ch 29: Plant Growth and Development > Flashcards

Ch 29: Plant Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Meristem

A

A discrete population of actively dividing, totipotent plant cells; apical meristems are located at the tip of stems and roots and produce cells that allow plants to grow in length, while lateral meristems surround stems and roots and produce cells that allow growth in diameter.

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2
Q

Plant Node

A

In plants, the point on a shoot where one or more leaves are attached.

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3
Q

Internode

A

The segment between two nodes on a shoot.

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4
Q

Shoot apical meristem

A

A group of totipotent cells at the tip of a stem or branch that gives rise to new shoot tissues in plants.

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5
Q

Meristem identity genes

A

A gene that contributes to meristem stability and function.

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6
Q

Auxiliary Bud

A

A meristem that forms at the junction between a leaf and the stem.

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7
Q

Primordia

A

An organ in its earliest stage of development; in plants, leaf primordia form near the tips of shoot apical meristems and develop into leaves.

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8
Q

Procambial cells

A

A plant cell that retains the capacity for cell division and gives rise to both xylem and phloem.

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9
Q

Cortex

A

In a stem, the region between the epidermis and the vascular bundles, composed of parenchyma cells. In the mammalian brain, the highly folded outer layer of gray matter, about 4 mm thick, made up of densely packed neuron cell bodies and their dendrites. In the mammalian renal system, the outer layer of the kidney.

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10
Q

Pith

A

In a stem, the region inside the ring of vascular bundles.

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11
Q

Hormones

A

A chemical signal that influences physiology and development in both plants and animals; in animals, hormones are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body.

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12
Q

Auxin

A

A plant hormone that plays a major role in plant development through the establishment of concentration gradients that guide patterns of cell growth and differentiation.

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13
Q

Polar Transport

A

The coordinated movement of auxin across many cells.

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14
Q

Gibberellic Acid

A

A plant hormone that stimulates the elongation of stems.

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15
Q

Cytokins

A

A plant hormone that stimulates cell division and delays leaf senescence.

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16
Q

Apical Dominance

A

The suppression of growth of axillary buds by the shoot apical meristem.

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17
Q

Strigolactone

A

A hormone, produced in roots and transported upward in the xylem, that inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds.

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18
Q

Primary Growth

A

In plants, growth originating in the apical meristems of shoots and roots; resulting in the production of new leaves and an increase in length.

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19
Q

Secondary Growth

A

In plants, growth originating in lateral meristems; resulting in larger diameter stems and roots.

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20
Q

Lateral Meristems

A

The source of new cells that allows plants to grow in diameter.

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21
Q

Vascular Cambium

A

Lateral meristem that is the source of new xylem and phloem.

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22
Q

Cork Cambium

A

Lateral meristem that renews and maintains an outer layer that protects the stem against herbivores, mechanical damage, desiccation, and fire.

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23
Q

Secondary Xylem

A

New xylem cells produced by vascular cambium, which are located to the inside of the vascular cambium.

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24
Q

Secondary Phloem

A

New phloem cells produced by the vascular cambium, which are located to the outside of the vascular cambium.

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25
Q

Sap Wood

A

In long-lived trees, the layer adjacent to the vascular cambium that contains the functional xylem.

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26
Q

Heart Wood

A

The center of the stem in long-lived trees, which does not conduct water.

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27
Q

Growth Ring

A

One of the many rings apparent in the cross section of the trunk of a tree, produced by decreases in the size of secondary xylem cells at the end of the growing season, that make it possible to determine the tree’s age.

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28
Q

Suberin

A

In plants, a waxy compound found in the walls of cork cells that protects against mechanical damage, the entry of pathogens, and water loss.

29
Q

Lenticels

A

A region of less tightly packed cells in the outer bark that allows oxygen to diffuse into the stem.

30
Q

Fibers

A

In angiosperms, a narrow cell with thick walls that provides mechanical support in wood. In animals, a muscle cell, which produces forces within an animal’s body and exerts forces on the environment.

31
Q

Vessel Element

A

An individual cell that is part of a xylem vessel for water transport in plants.

32
Q

Root Apical Meristem

A

A group of totipotent cells near the tip of a root that is the source of new root cells.

33
Q

Root Cap

A

A structure that covers and protects the root apical meristem as it grows through the soil.

34
Q

Pericycle

A

In roots, a single layer of cells just to the inside of the endodermis from which new root apical meristems are formed, allowing roots to branch.

35
Q

Tropism

A

The bending or turning of an organism in response to an external signal such as light or gravity.

36
Q

Phototropism

A

Bending in response to light. A positive phototropic response, as in stems, is toward light; a negative phototropic response, as in roots, is away from light.

37
Q

Gravitropism

A

Orientation of growth in response to gravity. A negative gravitropic response, as in stems, is growth upward against the force of gravity; a positive gravitropic response, as in roots, is with the force of gravity.

38
Q

Statoliths

A

In plants, a large starch-filled organelle in the root cap that senses gravity; in animals, a dense particle that moves freely within a statocyst, enabling it to sense gravity.

39
Q

Phytochrome

A

A photoreceptor for red and far-red light that switches back and forth between two stable forms, active and inactive, depending on its exposure to light.

40
Q

Abscisic Acid

A

A plant hormone that triggers stomatal closure, stimulates root elongation, and maintains seed dormancy.

41
Q

Photoperiodism

A

The effect of the photoperiod, or day length, on physiological or developmental processes; in plants, the effect of day length on flowering.

42
Q

Short Day Plants

A

A plant that flowers only when the day length is less than a critical value.

43
Q

Long Day Plants

A

A plant that flowers only when the light period exceeds a critical value.

44
Q

Day Neutral Plants

A

A plant that flowers independently of any change in day length.

45
Q

Vernalization

A

A prolonged period of exposure to cold temperatures necessary to induce flowering in some plants.

46
Q

Plant growth that elongates stems occurs in the:

A

shoot apical meristem.

47
Q

Due to high rates of water loss, all woody plants must produce more of which type of tissue?

A

secondary xylem

48
Q

T/F: Root caps cover the root apical meristem.

A

True

49
Q

As soils dry, root cells at the root tip produce _____, which _____.

A

abscisic acid; stimulates root elongation

50
Q

The movement of auxin from the apical to basal sides of immature leaf cells and toward the xylem and phloem of the stem is an example of _____ transport.

A

polar

51
Q

T/F: Vessels are rigid and strong and do not require additional support cells.

A

True

52
Q

T/F: New roots can only form from existing root tissue.

A

False

53
Q

What portion of the root allows it to sense gravity?

A

root cap

54
Q

An increase in a plant’s diameter resulting from the addition of new xylem and phloem is called:

A

secondary growth

55
Q

The location of the xylem at the core of the root cylinder facilitates:

A

water uptake

56
Q

Plants grow toward the light because:

A

auxin concentration on the shaded side increases.

57
Q

You purchase two identical houseplants and place them side by side on your windowsill. You water both plants equally. You leave one plant, plant A, alone, but you inject florigen into the cells of the shoot apical meristem of plant B. What would you expect to occur?

A

The shoot apical meristem of plant B will develop into a flower.

58
Q

The cells specialized for mechanical support in angiosperm wood are called:

A

Fibers

59
Q

A photoreceptor in seeds detects the ratio of red to far-red light, preventing seeds from germinating when:

A

the seeds are in the shade of another plant.

60
Q

In lateral growth, the _____ is the source of new xylem and phloem, whereas the _____ renews and maintains the outer layer that protects the stem.

A

vascular cambium; cork cambium

61
Q

T/F: Vessel elements must be thinner and shorter than tracheids because they lack the structural integrity to support large angiosperm trees.

A

False

62
Q

At the tip of each branch, the _____ surround(s) the shoot apical meristem.

A

leaf primordia

63
Q

Why was finding varieties with reduced internode elongation a key step in the breeding of Green Revolution varieties?

A

It kept the stem from falling over under the weight of a larger seed head.

64
Q

Auxin can freely diffuse _____ a cell, but can only _____ via a PIN channel.

A

into; exit

65
Q

Roots are thought to load strigolactones into the xylem to _____ when soils are _____.

A

suppress the production of branches and thus new leaf area; dry

66
Q

The vascular cambium is derived developmentally from:

A

vascular bundle procambial cells and parenchyma.

67
Q

The condition in which shoot apical meristems suppress the growth of axillary buds is called:

A

apical dominance.

68
Q

The growth of axillary buds is promoted by:

A

low auxin and low strigolactone, but high cytokinin.

69
Q

_____ are chemical signaling molecules that influence physiology and development.

A

Hormones

BIO 181: College Biology I (21 decks)

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