Ch 4 - Systematics

Question 1

What is systematics concerned with?

Answer 1

biodiversity and evolutionary relationships

Question 2

This is concerned with naming and classification of organisms

Answer 2

What is taxonomy

Question 3

Carolus Linnaeous did this

Answer 3

Created the modern taxonomy system

Question 4

What is a binomial system?

Answer 4

2 name system for species

Question 5

What is the typal system?

Answer 5

a way of knowing if a type of species already exists

Question 6

What is the taxonomical hierarchy?

Answer 6

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 7

Animalia is part of what taxinomical rank?

Answer 7

Kingdom

Question 8

Classification is based on what?

Answer 8

phylogeny

Question 9

What is phylogeny

Answer 9

perceived evolutionary relationships

Question 10

If classification is done correctly, what kind of taxa is ideal?

Answer 10

monophyletic

Question 11

What taxa is avoided when classification is done?

Answer 11

paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa

Question 12

What is monophyletic taxa?

Answer 12

includes ancestral organisms and all of its descendants

Question 13

What is paraphyletic taxa?

Answer 13

including ancestral group but not all descendants

Question 14

What is polyphyletic taxa?

Answer 14

includes descendants of 2 or more distantly related ancestors

Question 15

What is the cladistics approach?

Answer 15

When an evolutionary relationship is represented by a common phylogenetic tree
-hypothesis of evolutionary tree

Question 16

What are the steps to recognizing phylogeny

Answer 16

1. Distinguish between homology and homoplasy

2. Distinguish between symplesiomorphy and synpamorphy

Question 17

What is homology?

Answer 17

homologous structures are similar structures acquired from a recent common ancestor
-bone structures in bat wings and human hands

Question 18

What is homplasy?

Answer 18

homoplastic structures are superficially similar structures that have evolved independently

• bat wings and bird wings
• common structures are formed under similar selection pressure systems.

Question 19

What is reversal in homoplasy?

Answer 19

the loss of an evolved feature-tails in humans

Question 20

What is symplesiomorphy?

Answer 20

having shared features from the earliest ancestor

-vertebral column

Question 21

What is synapomorphy?

Answer 21

having a shared derived feature from a modern ancestor

• bipedal gait
• hair
• jaws

Question 22

modern classification/systematics uses which approach?

Answer 22

cladistic approach-primarily synapomorphy to determine evolutionary relationships

Question 23

What is the principle of parsimony?

Answer 23

most often used way of making a phylogeny tree-simplest relationship is likely the most correct

Question 24

What does modern schematics rely heavily on?

Answer 24

genetic/molecular data