Ch 4 - Systematics Flashcards

1
Q

What is systematics concerned with?

A

biodiversity and evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

This is concerned with naming and classification of organisms

A

What is taxonomy

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3
Q

Carolus Linnaeous did this

A

Created the modern taxonomy system

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4
Q

What is a binomial system?

A

2 name system for species

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5
Q

What is the typal system?

A

a way of knowing if a type of species already exists

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6
Q

What is the taxonomical hierarchy?

A
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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7
Q

Animalia is part of what taxinomical rank?

A

Kingdom

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8
Q

Classification is based on what?

A

phylogeny

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9
Q

What is phylogeny

A

perceived evolutionary relationships

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10
Q

If classification is done correctly, what kind of taxa is ideal?

A

monophyletic

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11
Q

What taxa is avoided when classification is done?

A

paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa

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12
Q

What is monophyletic taxa?

A

includes ancestral organisms and all of its descendants

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13
Q

What is paraphyletic taxa?

A

including ancestral group but not all descendants

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14
Q

What is polyphyletic taxa?

A

includes descendants of 2 or more distantly related ancestors

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15
Q

What is the cladistics approach?

A

When an evolutionary relationship is represented by a common phylogenetic tree
-hypothesis of evolutionary tree

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16
Q

What are the steps to recognizing phylogeny

A
  1. Distinguish between homology and homoplasy

2. Distinguish between symplesiomorphy and synpamorphy

17
Q

What is homology?

A

homologous structures are similar structures acquired from a recent common ancestor
-bone structures in bat wings and human hands

18
Q

What is homplasy?

A

homoplastic structures are superficially similar structures that have evolved independently

  • bat wings and bird wings
  • common structures are formed under similar selection pressure systems.
19
Q

What is reversal in homoplasy?

A

the loss of an evolved feature-tails in humans

20
Q

What is symplesiomorphy?

A

having shared features from the earliest ancestor

-vertebral column

21
Q

What is synapomorphy?

A

having a shared derived feature from a modern ancestor

  • bipedal gait
  • hair
  • jaws
22
Q

modern classification/systematics uses which approach?

A

cladistic approach-primarily synapomorphy to determine evolutionary relationships

23
Q

What is the principle of parsimony?

A

most often used way of making a phylogeny tree-simplest relationship is likely the most correct

24
Q

What does modern schematics rely heavily on?

A

genetic/molecular data