CH. 4 Speech Science

Question 1

Abduction

Answer 1

Vocal Fold movement away from each other

Question 2

Adduction

Answer 2

Movement toward the midline; vocal fold movement toward each other

Question 3

Aspiration

Answer 3

The presence of food or liquid in the airway below the level of the true vocal folds

Question 4

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 4

Consists of the brain and spinal chord

Question 5

Corpus callosum

Answer 5

Fiber pathways joining the cerebral hemispheres

Question 6

Diaphragm

Answer 6

Primary inspiratory muscles that expand the size of the lungs; a bowl shaped between the lungs a abdominal contents

Question 7

External intercostal muscles

Answer 7

A sheet of 11 muscles that lie between the ribs; the muscles act to increase the front to back, side to side, and top to bottom volume of the lungs

Question 8

Fundametal frequency

Answer 8

The lowest frequency of a complex periodic waveform

Question 9

Gray matter

Answer 9

composed of primarily neuron cell bodies

Question 10

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer 10

A series of muscles lying between the ribs, pulled down on the ribcage and expiratory muscles of the back pulled down on the back of the ribs to reduce the volume of the lungs.

Question 11

Meninges

Answer 11

Tissue layers that cover skull and spinal cord

Question 12

Myelin

Answer 12

(Sheath) white matter and a fatty insulator covering the axon of a neuron that speeds up the transmission of impulses

Question 13

Neuron

Answer 13

A nerve cell/specialized cell transmitting nerve endings-many different sizes and shapes, they consist of a cell body, a nucleus, dendrites, and an axon (which sometimes has myelin); they can be efferent (conveys message from higher to lower structures) or afferent (brings a message to a higher structure), and they communicate by neurotransmitters being released into the synapses

Question 14

Neurotransmitters

Answer 14

Chemical messengers of the nervous system

Question 15

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 15

Groups of nerves extending from the CNS that consist of 12 cranial nerves (all but 2 of them come off the brainstem) and 31 spinal nerves (from the neck down)

Question 16

Pharynx

Answer 16

The throat. Nasal, oral, and laryngeal are the three parts

Question 17

Phonation

Answer 17

Voicing at the level of the larynx; production of voice

Question 18

Prosody

Answer 18

Changes in pitch, stress, intensity, and duration of sounds during connected speech; the intonation and rhythm of a spoken language

Question 19

Quiet breathing

Answer 19

During quiet breathing, the diaphragm and external intercostals actively increase lung volume to develop an inward flow of air

Question 20

Speech breathing

Answer 20

During speech breathing the respiratory system provides stable air pressure within the lungs

Question 21

Subglottal air pressure

Answer 21

Air pressure below the glottis

Question 22

Supralaryngeal tract

Answer 22

structures of the vocal tract above the larynx

Question 23

Synapse

Answer 23

gap between the neurons; includes the pre-synaptic terminal (a terminal button), the synaptic cleft (space between neurons), and a postsynaptic cell membrane.

Question 24

White matter

Answer 24

Under gray matter. Neuron cells with the presence of myelin on the neuron axons giving it a white appearance.