Ch. 4 - Social Interaction

Question 1

the conscious being, personified in a human body, which is made and reformulated through social interaction

Answer 1

self

Question 2

the extent to which our own self-understandings are dependent on how others view us

Answer 2

looking-glass self

Question 3

individuals close enough to us to have a strong capacity to motivate our behavior

Answer 3

significant other

Question 4

a set of individuals who share similar preferences or social positions and have influence on an individual or members of a group

Answer 4

reference group

Question 5

a specific individual who exhibits significant influence on others and acts as a reference for how to act

Answer 5

role models

Question 6

the social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate given a specific time and place

Answer 6

generalized other

Question 7

According to sociologists, ________ is developed through social interaction and the concept of ________ helps describe a way that we develop this.

Answer 7

the self; the looking-glass self

Question 8

According to the research of Craig Haney, what can cause prison inmates to hallucinate, be confused, or lose the ability to concentrate?

Answer 8

social isolation

Question 9

Which of the following best defines the term “generalized other”?

Answer 9

social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate in a specific time and place

Question 10

Ron decides to go to the same college as his best friend Ken. Which of the following sociological terms best describes the nature of Ron and Ken’s relationship?

Answer 10

significant other

Question 11

Which of the following best describes a sociological view of uniqueness?

Answer 11

we are each unique because we have a unique array of social interactions

Question 12

a line of sociological inquiry (introduced by Harold Garfinkel) that studies the ways (tools and methods) members of a particular group construct social order and make sense of their everyday lives. (The study of people’s methods)

Answer 12

ethnomethodology

Question 13

the act of ignoring other people to an appropriate degree even while noticing that other people are present

Answer 13

civil inattention

Question 14

Which of the following is most likely an experiment conducted by ethnomethodologists?

Answer 14

observing when people lower their eyes in conversations

Question 15

According to sociologists, which of the following is an important result of conversationalist inequalities?

Answer 15

some people are insulted when they are interrupted, causing a rift in the conversation that is difficult to repair

Question 16

According to sociologists, what is a main difference between how people express anger and how people express joy?

Answer 16

angry people are likely to take turns yelling, whereas joyful people are likely to laugh at the same time

Question 17

How could an emoticon such as :-), help during an e-mail conversation?

Answer 17

an emoticon can indicate he feeling of the person writing the e-mail

Question 18

According to sociologists, civil inattention is used to describe ______.

Answer 18

the act of ignoring other people to an appropriate degree even when you notice they are there

Question 19

a distinct social category that is set off from others and has associated with it a set of expected behaviors and roles for individuals to assume

Answer 19

status

Question 20

a position within an institution or organization that comes with specific social expectations for how to behave and be treated. Some roles may be ascribed, that is, assigned to us by birth (man, woman, white, black), and some may be achieved, that is, acquired through our actions (doctor, professor, class clown)

Answer 20

roles

Question 21

when two or more discordant demands are placed on individuals, rendering them unable to fulfill their own or others, expectations

Answer 21

role conflict

Question 22

an individual whose actions or attitudes fall outside the generally accepted norms of a given group of society.

Answer 22

deviants

Question 23

the process by which someone is defined in a particular way and then comes to fulfill the expectations of that definitions

Answer 23

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 24

A sociologist would consider the titles of doctor, professor, or president as ________ and parent, employee, or student as ________

Answer 24

statuses; roles

Question 25

Elementary school student, parent, employee, and spouse are all examples of different _______.

Answer 25

social statuses

Question 26

From a very young age, a child is told that he is good at sports by his parents. As he gets older, he tries out for many different sporting teams, spends time practicing, and wins many awards. This scenario illustrates _______.

Answer 26

the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 27

According to a sociologist, what can make a person a successful member of society?

Answer 27

knowing when to follow formal and informal rules

Question 28

Which sociologist conducted a conformity experiment in which people believed they administered painful electric shocks to others?

Answer 28

Stanley Milgram

Question 29

Conversational precision refers to _______.

Answer 29

body language cues and brief pauses that people use in their conversations

Question 30

All individuals associate themselves with _______, or groups of people who share similar preferences or social positions

Answer 30

reference groups

Question 31

How do status changes impact the social roles of individuals ?

Answer 31

status changes confer different role expectations for individuals

Question 32

Because sociologists understand ….. as a social phenomenon, how we ….. individuals can have unintended consequences

Answer 32

the self; label

Question 33

Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between formal and informal rules?

Answer 33

Informal rules fill the spaces between formal rules by allowing for exceptions in social behavior that are generally agreed upon.

Question 34

Which of the following best exemplifies how self-understanding can be influenced by others’ reactions?

Answer 34

a child feels good about a test score after receiving a hug from a parent

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a study a sociologist would conduct in the field of ethnomethodology?

Answer 35

a study of how people of different genders talk to one another.

Question 36

In terms of social interaction, strangers not making eye contact as they walk past each other is best described as ________ but could also be considered ________

Answer 36

civil inattention; an informal rule

Question 37

Which of the following us the best example of the generalized other?

Answer 37

everyone riding on a bus is wearing clothing.

Question 38

Which of the following describes a way that significant others, role models, and reference groups are alike?

Answer 38

They all adhere to the generalized other.

Question 39

Sociologists suggest the people reveal different parts of their personalities to others in different social situations. What is another way to describe this phenomenon?

Answer 39

Everyone shares different parts of his or her identity at different times.

Question 40

Which of the following is true according to ethnomethodologists?

Answer 40

When it is appropriate to cry can depend on the society in which a person lives

Question 41

Eliza wants to post a picture of herself on her Facebook account from her family vacation to the beach. She takes multiple pictures of herself to get the right light angle on angle on her face. Se then applies filters and touches up the picture until she is satisfied with the way her picture looks. What sociological concept best describes Eliza’s actions with the social media and digital technology?

Answer 41

management of self-presentation

Question 42

One worker at a local grocery store chain is unhappy with the company’s sick leave policy. The workers want to start a petition to present to upper management. According to what sociologists know about social conformity, which of the following situations would most likely result in the worker actually starting this petition?

Answer 42

The worker has at least one other ally to support the petition.

Question 43

A person is the vice president of a department in a company. Which of the following would illustrate the most significant change in the person’s social status?

Answer 43

The person is fired from vice president and is unemployed.