Ch. 4 - Social Interaction Flashcards
the conscious being, personified in a human body, which is made and reformulated through social interaction
self
the extent to which our own self-understandings are dependent on how others view us
looking-glass self
individuals close enough to us to have a strong capacity to motivate our behavior
significant other
a set of individuals who share similar preferences or social positions and have influence on an individual or members of a group
reference group
a specific individual who exhibits significant influence on others and acts as a reference for how to act
role models
the social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate given a specific time and place
generalized other
According to sociologists, ________ is developed through social interaction and the concept of ________ helps describe a way that we develop this.
the self; the looking-glass self
According to the research of Craig Haney, what can cause prison inmates to hallucinate, be confused, or lose the ability to concentrate?
social isolation
Which of the following best defines the term “generalized other”?
social control exercised by commonsense understandings of what is appropriate in a specific time and place
Ron decides to go to the same college as his best friend Ken. Which of the following sociological terms best describes the nature of Ron and Ken’s relationship?
significant other
Which of the following best describes a sociological view of uniqueness?
we are each unique because we have a unique array of social interactions
a line of sociological inquiry (introduced by Harold Garfinkel) that studies the ways (tools and methods) members of a particular group construct social order and make sense of their everyday lives. (The study of people’s methods)
ethnomethodology
the act of ignoring other people to an appropriate degree even while noticing that other people are present
civil inattention
Which of the following is most likely an experiment conducted by ethnomethodologists?
observing when people lower their eyes in conversations
According to sociologists, which of the following is an important result of conversationalist inequalities?
some people are insulted when they are interrupted, causing a rift in the conversation that is difficult to repair
According to sociologists, what is a main difference between how people express anger and how people express joy?
angry people are likely to take turns yelling, whereas joyful people are likely to laugh at the same time
How could an emoticon such as :-), help during an e-mail conversation?
an emoticon can indicate he feeling of the person writing the e-mail
According to sociologists, civil inattention is used to describe ______.
the act of ignoring other people to an appropriate degree even when you notice they are there
a distinct social category that is set off from others and has associated with it a set of expected behaviors and roles for individuals to assume
status
a position within an institution or organization that comes with specific social expectations for how to behave and be treated. Some roles may be ascribed, that is, assigned to us by birth (man, woman, white, black), and some may be achieved, that is, acquired through our actions (doctor, professor, class clown)
roles
when two or more discordant demands are placed on individuals, rendering them unable to fulfill their own or others, expectations
role conflict
an individual whose actions or attitudes fall outside the generally accepted norms of a given group of society.
deviants
the process by which someone is defined in a particular way and then comes to fulfill the expectations of that definitions
self-fulfilling prophecy
A sociologist would consider the titles of doctor, professor, or president as ________ and parent, employee, or student as ________
statuses; roles
Elementary school student, parent, employee, and spouse are all examples of different _______.
social statuses
From a very young age, a child is told that he is good at sports by his parents. As he gets older, he tries out for many different sporting teams, spends time practicing, and wins many awards. This scenario illustrates _______.
the concept of the self-fulfilling prophecy
According to a sociologist, what can make a person a successful member of society?
knowing when to follow formal and informal rules
Which sociologist conducted a conformity experiment in which people believed they administered painful electric shocks to others?
Stanley Milgram
Conversational precision refers to _______.
body language cues and brief pauses that people use in their conversations
All individuals associate themselves with _______, or groups of people who share similar preferences or social positions
reference groups
How do status changes impact the social roles of individuals ?
status changes confer different role expectations for individuals
Because sociologists understand ….. as a social phenomenon, how we ….. individuals can have unintended consequences
the self; label
Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between formal and informal rules?
Informal rules fill the spaces between formal rules by allowing for exceptions in social behavior that are generally agreed upon.
Which of the following best exemplifies how self-understanding can be influenced by others’ reactions?
a child feels good about a test score after receiving a hug from a parent
Which of the following is an example of a study a sociologist would conduct in the field of ethnomethodology?
a study of how people of different genders talk to one another.
In terms of social interaction, strangers not making eye contact as they walk past each other is best described as ________ but could also be considered ________
civil inattention; an informal rule
Which of the following us the best example of the generalized other?
everyone riding on a bus is wearing clothing.
Which of the following describes a way that significant others, role models, and reference groups are alike?
They all adhere to the generalized other.
Sociologists suggest the people reveal different parts of their personalities to others in different social situations. What is another way to describe this phenomenon?
Everyone shares different parts of his or her identity at different times.
Which of the following is true according to ethnomethodologists?
When it is appropriate to cry can depend on the society in which a person lives
Eliza wants to post a picture of herself on her Facebook account from her family vacation to the beach. She takes multiple pictures of herself to get the right light angle on angle on her face. Se then applies filters and touches up the picture until she is satisfied with the way her picture looks. What sociological concept best describes Eliza’s actions with the social media and digital technology?
management of self-presentation
One worker at a local grocery store chain is unhappy with the company’s sick leave policy. The workers want to start a petition to present to upper management. According to what sociologists know about social conformity, which of the following situations would most likely result in the worker actually starting this petition?
The worker has at least one other ally to support the petition.
A person is the vice president of a department in a company. Which of the following would illustrate the most significant change in the person’s social status?
The person is fired from vice president and is unemployed.
