Ch. 12 Gender and Sexuality Flashcards
the ways that social forces create differences between men’s and women’s behavior, preferences, treatments, and opportunities, and the characteristics of men and women that reflect these forces
gender
whether a person is classified as male or female based on anatomical or chromosomal criteria
sex
a person who is born with a body that has some biological characteristics typically found in only male bodies, as well as others found in female bodies
intersex individual
the social processes that create and sustain gender and race differences and inequality
social construction of gender (or race)
a gender system in which men have substantially more power than women in politics, the economy, and the family
patriarchy
individuals who were assigned on sex category at birth based on anatomical criteria but who come to believe they belong in the other gender category and take action to be in the other category
transgendered
a study using a method of assigning participants or groups to receive different treatments that ensures that any posttreatment differences result from the different treatments they received
random-assigned experiment
a simplified generalization about a group that is often false or exaggerated
stereotype
A person’s sex is a __________ classification, whereas their gender is a __________ classification.
biological, social
The results of _________ show that __________ impact(s) behavior.
Random-assignment experiments; gendered stereotypes
Julie is 7 months pregnant. Her family and friends are throwing her a baby shower. The color scheme for the shower is pink and white…
The shower is an example of gender socialization.
How do stereotypes relate to actual behavior?
Stereotypes can produce a behavior that was not there before.
Who holds the most power in a patriarchy?
Men
a social movement whose members advocate equality between men and women in rights and opportunities
feminist movement
when women and men are distributed differently across occupations, such that some jobs are filled mostly by men and others mostly by women
occupational sex segregation
In which field has the presence of women most greatly increased in the past 50 years?
the workforce
Kent is passionate about early childhood education….
Occupational sex segregation
In one company, a secretary job and a factory job requiring the same level of education, skill and labor will often have pay rates in which _________.
The factory job earns more money.
Although many patterns and ideals about gender norms in the home and workplace have changed since the 1960s, _______.
Both men and women are still held to traditional gender norms about home and work.
Though women __________ than men, they still _______ than men.
earn more college degrees; have lower average earnings.
whether one’s sexual attractions are to members of the same sex, the other sex, or both
sexual orientation
judging women more harshly than men for having sex outside of marriage or outside of relationships
double standard of sexuality
a group whose sexual behavior or attractions are unusual in a given society
sexual minority
a type of prejudice that claims that being heterosexual is the only normal option for an individual’s sexual orientation
heteronormativity
discrimination or bias against persons because they are not heterosexual
discrimination or bias against homosexual persons that is based in fear
Which of the following is an example of an evolutionary theory on how biology might affect sexuality?
Anticipating a nine-month pregnancy discourages women from having frequent sex with multiple sexual partners.
This year at suburbia high school Karen and Josh were elected Homecoming King and Queen. This common process of electing…
heteronormativity
The double standard of sexuality refers to the fact that people tend to _________
Judge women more harshly for having casual sex than they judge men.
Two women kissing on a dance floor __________.
Could be of any sexual orientation
A heterosexual woman being verbally harassed because she is wearing masculine clothes and walking with another woman is experiencing _______.
heterosexism
technique for choosing participants for a research study in which each person in the population is assigned a known and likely chance of being selected
probability samples
the act of an unmarried straight or gay couple living together
cohabitation
sexual behavior that occurs in a situation that was not a prearranged date and between individuals who may or may not be interested in an exclusive romantic relationship
hookup
A study sample that is drawn so that there is an equal probability for every person to be included is called a(n) ________ sample.
Probability
Why are American parents concerned about teenagers having sex?
they are afraid sex will be driven by hormones rather than rational thought
Which of the following people are cohabiting?
An unmarried couple who are living together.
In what way does sex between people in relationships differ from sex during a first-time hookup?
Sex in a relationship is more likely to include an orgasm.
Janet’s pregnancy illustrates what social change?
The widespread acceptance of having premarital sex and children outside of marriage.
Which of the following is a process of gendered socialization?
a parent dressing a girl in a dress
Which of the following is an example of a patriarchy?
a government where officials are mostly male
The ideas we tend to have about how sex and gender “go together” is most directly challenged by the existence of ______.
transgendered people
Splitting a research group into two smaller groups by picking names out of a hat to determine which individuals will go into the group to get a particular treatment is an example of ______.
a random-assignment experiment
Before her engineering exam, Tessa was having a conversation with a male classmate about feeling nervous about the test. In response, he commented, “No one will fault you if you don’t do well on the exam. Everyone knows that men are better at math and engineering than women are.” According to the findings of sociological research about gender stereotypes, after hearing this comment, Tessa will be more likely to ______.
perform poorly on the exam
Which of the following was made illegal by the Equal Pay Act?
paying women less than men for the same job
When conducting an occupational sex segregation study, which number would sociologists use to indicate an occupation is completely segregated?
100
What is true of the gender disparity among people earning college degrees in the US?
women receive more college degrees than men
Adjusting for cost of living, earnings for middle-class men in the past 40 years have _________.
stagnated
Sexual behavior, attraction, and identity __________.
are not always consistent
The terms “slut” and “player” are indicative of ___________
the double standard of sexuality
What example reinforces heteronormativity?
popular music songs about men and women having a romance
What differentiates a hookup from other kinds of sex?
there is no expectation of a relationship
In recent decades, which group has realized an increase in their rates of birth outside of marriage?
all groups in American society
What event has most dramatically impacted women’s educational, occupational, and family lives since the 1960s?
the widespread availability of the birth control pill
