Ch. 11 Race and Ethnicity Flashcards
the view that members of a group share a fundamental, inherited, innate, and fixed quality or characteristic
essentialism
a system for classifying people who are believed to share common descent, based on perceived cultural similarities
ethnicity
a system for classifying people who are believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities
race
When did a color-coded hierarchy of racial thought develop in the Western world?
the fifteenth century
The ________ is a custom that became enshrined in many state laws around the turn of the century to identify a persons race
one drop rule
According to Max Weber, the definition of ethnicity is more _________ than that of race
subjective
Racial groups tend to be associated with ___________.
continents
Which distinction would be most important legally and politically throughout US history?
whether one is white or Asian
the view that social categories such as race or gender are social creations, not biological facts
constructivism
the process by which immigrants come to be incorporated into their new society by taking on the cultural taste and practices of the new society
assimilation
In Brazil, race is defined in such a way that _________.
Siblings can be assigned different race labels
European, African, and East Asian ancestries are generally the focus of genetic genealogy firms in _________.
the United States
A person who is raised in Sweden and then moves to Japan and takes on the customs and behaviors of Japanese people is a person who has _________.
assimilated
The wave of European immigrants to the United States in the late 1800s changed the definition of who is _________.
white
In which example is a person with nonwhite ancestry most likely to be considered white by the dominant class?
Aboriginal people in Australia
prejudice and/or discrimination against individuals who are members or particular racial or ethnic groups, often drawing on negative stereotypes about the group
racism
negative beliefs or attitudes held about entire groups based on subjective, selective, or inaccurate information
prejudice
a simplified generalization about a group that is often false or exaggerated
stereotype
any behavior, practice, or policy that harms, excludes, or disadvantages individuals on the basis of their group membership
discrimination
the killing of someone by a group, without a trial or due process, for some specified behavior
lynching
the deliberate and systematic killing of a category of people
genocide
action carried out by an individual or small group that harms, excludes, or disadvantages members of a certain group
individual discrimination
prejudice based on stereotypes that can be activated without an individual’s being consciously aware of holding them
implicit prejudice or bias
occurs when the actions or policies of organizations or social institutions exclude, disadvantage, or harm members of particular groups
institutional (or structural) discrimination
Describing the Japanese as frugal is an example of __________.
a stereotype
The 1790 naturalization law is an example of ___________.
Institutionalized discrimination
Which of the following people would have the most difficulty getting hired for a job?
A black man with a prison record
A sociological theory of why racism occurs would consider ___________.
The ways we are socialized into racism
The impact of having a stereotypical “black name” when applying for a job is most harmful at which level?
executive work
a poor, isolated neighborhood, often formed as the result of residential segregation in which members of a poor or low-status racial, ethnic, or religious group are compelled to live in the same place
ghetto
a concept that refers to the advantages of being white versus non-White
white privilege
government policies regarding employment and education that seek to increase the representation of minorities and women in field from which they have historically been excluded
affirmative action
At what point did the income difference between white and nonwhite families stagnate, ceasing to become more level?
The 1970s.
Which group has the highest rate of educational attainment in the United States?
Asian Americans.
Which of the following is an example of “soft” affirmative action?
Advertisements recruiting racial minorities to colleges
Ghettos refer to _________.
Poor, racially segregated neighborhoods.
Which of the following statements accurately relates race and contemporary political participation?
A large percentage of African Americans are not allowed to vote because of felony records.
When did the United States become a multiracial society?
from the start
Which of the following is considered an ethnic rather than a racial category by the U.S. government?
Hispanic
Which of the following is a group that is included in a “beige minority”?
light-skinned latinos
How is the retirement of the baby boom generation likely to affect race relations?
More nonwhites will enter the job market and take the relatively good jobs held by the baby boomers.
More than __________ percent of the individuals who marry in 2010 were newly wedded to someone of a different race or ethnicity
15
What has contributed to a change in the attitudes of Americans towards interracial unions or multiracial people?
Policy shifts revising racial classifications and interracial unions changed public attitudes
What factor is difficult to anticipate regarding demographic changes in the US for the 21st century?
How people identify themselves in racial and ethnic terms
According to the “one drop rule”, a person with three white grandparents and one black grandparent would be considered
black
Which ethnic identity was formed most recently as a category in western thought
Hispanic
Which of the following aspects of racism tends to be applied most broadly
prejudices
What race is a Hispanic person most likely to select on US census documents
some other race
Racial groupings in west Africa are mainly based on __________
whether one has noble ancestry
How does having a criminal record impact job prospects of black Americans in comparison to white Americans?
the negative effects of a criminal record are 40% greater than for black job applicants than for white job applicants
Why was the end of the civil rights movement significant?
the Voting Rights Act was passed, ending the struggle to secure political rights to minorities
Winona is a native american of sioux origin. what race would she enter in her 2010 census document?
American Indian
Which of the following affects how Alicia determines race when she sees a person
socialization affects her interpretation of physical descriptions
Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between discrimination and subordinate groups?
discrimination maintains social hierarchies
Which of the following uses explicit awareness of race in order to promote equality?
affirmative action
Why do many middle-class blacks work in the government sector?
antidiscrimination laws are more easily enforced there
For adapting, which identity might someone in the US receive the least scrutiny from people?
Irish
