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Psychology 101 > Ch 4 Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Ch 4 Sensation And Perception Flashcards

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0
Q

What are psychophysics?

A

The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

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1
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation is the stimulation of sense organs

Perception is the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory output

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2
Q

What is a threshold?

A

A dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect- difference threshold

Ie. Turning music up and down till you notice a difference

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3
Q

What is an absolute threshold?

A

The minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect 0—> something

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4
Q

True or false, for an absolute threshold to exist, it must occur 50% of the time

A

True

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5
Q

What is a just noticeable difference?

A

The smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect.

Eg. Smallest amount of salt you can add to notice difference

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6
Q

True or false, an absolute threshold is the just noticeable difference from nothing

A

True

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7
Q

Explain the signal detection theory

A

Proposes that he detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes influenced by a variety of factors

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8
Q

Explain sensory adaptation

A

A gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation

Eg. Smelly garbage

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9
Q

The smallest amount of tumult ion you can detect is (0—>something)

A

Absolute threshold

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10
Q

Light waves vary in amplitude, wavelength and purity. Explain what amplitude, wavelength, and purity are.

A

Amplitude– height
Wavelength– distance between peaks
Purity– how aired the mix of light is

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11
Q

True or false, humans can only perceive the wavelengths of light?

A

True

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12
Q

what are the two functions of the eye?

A

to channel light into the neural tissue, and to house that tissue

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13
Q

When referring to the eye, what is the lens?

A

Transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina

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14
Q

What is the difference between nearsightedness and farsightedness?

A

nearsightedness– close objects seen clear, far objects seem blurry
farsightedness– far objects seen clear, close objects are seen blurry

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15
Q

When does nearsightedness occur? When does farsightedness occur? What is “wrong” with the eye?

A

When the cornea bends the light too much (nearsightedness)

When the eyeball is too short
farsightedness

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16
Q

what are saccades?

A

When the eyes are scanning an environment and making brief fixations

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17
Q

What is the retina?

A

The neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye

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18
Q

What does the retina do?

A

absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual info to the brain

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19
Q

In the retina, what are the differences of the cones and the rods?

A

cones– specialized visual receptors that play key roles in daylight vision and colour vision.
Rods– specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision

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20
Q

True or false, the rods and cones on the retina funnel signals to the receptive field

A

true

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21
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

he retinal area that when stimulated affects the firing of that cell (for example, the signal towards the brain and nearby cells)

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22
Q

What is lateral antagonism and when does it occur?

A

occurs when neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells , when the excited neuron reduced activity of its neighbours

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23
Q

What is the fovea? (in the retina)

A

tiny spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones– visual acuity is best here

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24
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

the point at which the optic nerves from the inside of the eye cross over and project to the opposite half f the brain

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25
Q

from the optic chiasm, where do the visual signals travel?

A

thalamus– brains major relay centre or the

Superior colliculus

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26
Q

what are the main visual pathways that the main visual pathway splits into?

A

magonocellar and the parvocellar channels

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27
Q

where does most visual input arrive?

A

the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

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28
Q

What do feature detector neurons respond to?

A

very specific features of more complex stimuli ex. lines, edges, angle or movement

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29
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

the inability to recognize objects

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30
Q

What is propagnosia?

A

the inability to recognize familiar faces

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31
Q

true of false, perceiving colour is a function of dominant wavelengths

A

true

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32
Q

What colour are the longest wavelengths and what colour are the shortest?

A

red and violet

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33
Q

What is subtractive colour mixing?

A

removing some wavelengths of light
leave less light than was originally there
happens when mixing paint (everything turns brown)

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34
Q

What is additive colour mixing?

A

superimposing light, putting more light in the mixture than exists

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35
Q

Explain the trichromatic theory of colour vision

A

the human eye has 3 types of receptors with differing sensitivity to different light weave lengths

red, green, and blue

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36
Q

plain the opponent process thoery

A

colour perception depends on receptors making antagonistic responses to 3 pairs of colours

think= negative colours then looking at a wall and seeing regular colours

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37
Q

what is a perceptual set?

A

readiness to perceive stimulus in a particular way.. expectations

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38
Q

What is feature analysis?

A

the process of detecting specific elements and assembling them into more complex ideas or shapes
ex. lines–> 2D shape–> 3D shape

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39
Q

explain the Phi phenonomenon

A

the illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimulus in rapid succession
ex. movies and tv

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40
Q

what are the two perceiving forms?

A

bottom up processing ( indiv. to the whole)

top down processing (progression from whole to the elements, ex. big to small.)

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41
Q

Explain distal stimuli

A

stimuli that lie in the distance outside the body

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42
Q

Explain proximal stimuli

A

stimulus energies impinge directly on sensory receptors

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43
Q

how do people bridge the gap between distal and proximal stimuli?

A

by making a perceptual hypothesis

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44
Q

what is a binocular depth?

A

differing views based on two eyes

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45
Q

What is retinal disparity?

A

objects projected slightly differently on the retina

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46
Q

what is monocular depth?

A

distance clues based on image in either eye alone

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47
Q

The Gestalt principles are used to help us…?

A

organize elements in a scene

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48
Q

true or false, sound waves are measured in amplitude, wavelength and purity

A

true

49
Q

what does the external ear depend on to hear things?

A

vibration of air molecules and the pinna (a sound collecting cone)

50
Q

What does the middle ear have to depend on to hear things?

A

the vibration of moveable bones called the ossicles

51
Q

What are ossicles?

A

tiny bones in the middle ear (hammer, stirrup, and anvil)

52
Q

what does the inner ear depend on to hear things?

A

waves in a fluid and the cochlea

53
Q

Where is the coclea located?

A

inner ear

54
Q

what is the basilar membrane,and what is it’s function?

A

membrane that runs down the cochlea and has auditory receptors that converts stimulation into neural impulses

55
Q

what is the place theory of hearing?

A

the pitch perception is based off of where the vibrations occur along different parts of the basilar membrane

56
Q

what is the frequency theory of hearing?

A

the pitch perception that is baed on the rate that the basilar membrane vibrates (as a whole)

57
Q

Between the place theory and the frequency theory, which is based on vibration as a whole, and which is based on vibration of the hair-like receptors?

A

place theory– vibration of certain receptors

frequency theory- vibration of the whole basilar membrane

58
Q

what is auditory localization?

A

locating the source of the sound in space

59
Q

What are the 2 cues of auditory localization?

A

intensity and timing

60
Q

When referring too the gustatory system (taste) what are papillae?

A

knoblike elevations on the tongue containing taste buds

61
Q

What do gustatory receptors do?

A

absorb the dissolved chemicals and trigger neural impulses to the thalamus then insular cortex

62
Q

what are the 4 primary tastes?

A

sour, sweet, salty, and bitter the fifth taste is umami (MSG)

63
Q

What is the pathway of a physical stimuli travelling through the nasal passage? (hint: 3 steps)

A

1) travels through nasal passage
2) stimulates the olfactory cilia
3) olfactory nerves transmit neural impulses through the bulb to the brain

64
Q

How many olfactory receptors do humans have?

A

350

65
Q

True or false, smell is the only sensory system in which incoming info is not routed through the thalamus before it projects to the cortex

A

true

66
Q

What is a physical stimulus hen referring to our sense of touch?

A

mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy that impinge on the skin

67
Q

what is psychological perception?

A

warm/cold, pressure, pain, position, movement

68
Q

when you feel pressure, how does it happen? 4 steps

A

Nerve fibres carry info about stimulation
routed through spinal cord to the brainstem
then thalamus
then somatosensory cortex

69
Q

what are the two types of pathways to the brain?

A

1) fast pathways –> A-Delta fibres register localized pain and relays it quickly (paper cut)
20 slow pathways –> C-Fibres less localized and longer lasting aching pain)

70
Q

Explain the gate control theory

A

incoming pain sensations must pass through a gate in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals

71
Q

True or false, glial cells contribute to moderating chronic pain?

A

true

72
Q

What does the kinestethic system do?

A

monitors the position of various body parts; receptors are located in joints and muscles

73
Q

what does the vestibular system do?

A

sense of balance and equilibrium whole moving your body. depends on the semi-circular canals in the inner ear

74
Q

Explain the door int he face technique

A

making a large request first that is likely to be turned down to increase the chance that people will agree to a smaller request

75
Q

What does webers law state?

A

that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus

76
Q

What is Freshner known for?

A

thresholds

77
Q

Explain the signal-detection theory

A

the detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity

78
Q

true or false, psychophysicists use a variety of methods to relate sensory inputs to subjective perception. Absolute threshold is not really that absolute

A

true.

79
Q

true or false, absolute thresholds are not that absolute

A

true

80
Q

true or false, fechners law states that you need a larger and larger increase in a stimulus o produce a just noticeable difference

A

true

81
Q

does the signal detection theory replace Fechner’s threshold theory with he concept of detectability and emphasises that factors besides stimulus intensity influence detectability

A

true

82
Q

Can perception happen without our awareness?

A

yes

83
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

a hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibres exit the eye

84
Q

the receptive field of a visual cell, is a retinal area that, when stimulated affects….?

A

affects the firing of that cell

85
Q

What is an afterimage?

A

an image that persists after a stimulus is removed

86
Q

the opponent process theory of colour vision holds that ?

A

colour perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to thee pairs of colours

87
Q

What are the 5 principles of the Gestalt theory of perceptual organization?

A

1) proximity
2) closure
3) similarity
4) simplicity
5) continuity

88
Q

true or false, perceptions of colour are primarily a function of light wavelength

A

true

89
Q

what theory do we use today: the trichromatic theory (3 types of receptors) or the pponent process theory (sensors depend on antagonistic responses)

A

both

90
Q

What is the opponent process theory?

A

colour perception depends on receotirs that make antagonistic responses o red vs green, blue vs yellow, and black vs white

91
Q

what does form perception depend on?

A

the selection and interpretation of sensory inputs

92
Q

what is a motion parallax?

A

images of objects at different distances moving across the retina at different rates

93
Q

true or false, the motion parallax was one of the earliest areas of study in depth perception

A

true

94
Q

What are the two types of monocular cues?

A

deoth cues and motion parallax

95
Q

what are pictorial depth cues?

A

clues about the distance that can be given in a flat picture

96
Q

what is a perceptual constancy?

A

a tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input

97
Q

What happens when the pupil constricts?

A

less light comes into the eye, sharpens the image

98
Q

true or false, if saccades didn’t exist, you would have bad vision

A

true

99
Q

Can studying saccades help us learn more about huntingtons disease?

A

yes

100
Q

what is the retina, and what are it’s 3 duties?

A

lining inside the back of the eye, it absorbs light, processes images, and sends info to the brain

101
Q

True or false, the retina is a part of the central nervous system located in the eye

A

true

102
Q

what are the two types of receptors in the retina?

A

rods and cones

103
Q

In our retinas, do we have more rods or cones?

A

Rods

104
Q

do rods or cones provide better visual acuity?

A

cones

105
Q

Are rods or cones concentrated most heavily in the centre of the retina?

A

cones

106
Q

do either rods or cones handle the majority of peripheral vision?

A

rods

107
Q

What happens to light going into the eye? (hint: 4 steps)

A

1) light strike retina’s receptors (rods and cones)
2) send impulses along the optic nerve
3) leave the eye through optic disk
4) goes to the brain

108
Q

what is the lateral geniculate nucleus? (LGN)

A

where axons from the retina synapse , visual signals are processed here

109
Q

what happens in the magnocelular and parvocelluar channels?

A

parallell processing (extracting different kinds of info from the same input)

110
Q

What is Hubel known for?

A

identifying various types of specialized cells in the visual cortext that respond to different stimuli

111
Q

What are the 5 principles of Gestalt perception?

A

proximity– objects close are group together
closure– viewers supply missing pieces
similarity– elements that are similar are grouped t
simplicity– organize things in the simplest way pos
continutity– see things that produce smooth continuation

112
Q

What is convergence?

A

sensing the eyes converging toward eachother as they focus on closer objects

113
Q

true or false, depth perception depends primarily on monocular cues

A

true

114
Q

what have optical illusions proved about the perceptual hypothesis?

A

it is inaccurate

115
Q

do vision for perception and vison for action travel a different pathway to the brain?

A

yes

116
Q

What is the name for collection of rod and cone receptors that funnel signals to a particular visual cell in the retina?

A

receptive field

117
Q

e visual pathway to the dorsal lobes is as the visual pathway to the temporal lobes is to…

a) the what pathway- the where pathway
b) the where pathway- the what pathway

A

b

118
Q

an artist draws converging lines to that a set of train track appears to go off into the distance. What is the name for this monocular cue for depth perception?

A

linear perspective

119
Q

what perceptual cue is manipulated in a 3D movie?

A

convergence

Psychology 101 (8 decks)

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