Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functional unit of genetic information is the ___.

A

Gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genes are in cells and are composed of ___.

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three informational macromolecules in cell:

A

DNA
RNA
Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genetic information flow can be divided into three stages:

A

Replication
Transcription
Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Replication

A

DNA is duplicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Transcription

A

Information from DNA is transferred to DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Translation

A

Information in RNA is used to build polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

Encodes polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tRNA (transfer RNA)

A

Plays role in protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

Plays role in protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Genes transcribed in eukaryotes

A

Each gene is transcribed individually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Genes transcribed in prokaryotes

A

Multiple genes may be transcribed together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Four nucleotides are found in DNA:

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Backbone of DNA chain is alternating phosphates and the pentose sugar ____.

A

Deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two strands are ___

A

Antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

All cells and some viruses have DNA in ____ molecules

A

Double-stranded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two strands have ___ base sequences

A

Complementary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Adenine always pairs with ___.

A

Thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Guanine always pairs with ___.

A

Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Two strands form a ___ ___.

A

Double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Size of DNA molecule is expressed in ___ ___.

A

Base pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Supercoiled DNA

A

DNA is further twisted to save space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Negative supercoiling

A

Double helix is underwound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Positive supercoiling

A

Double helix is overwound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Relaxed DNA

A

DNA has number of turns predicted by number of base pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

DNA gyrase

A

Introduces supercoils into DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Genome

A

Entire complement of genes in cell or virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Chromosome

A

Main genetic element in prokaryotes

“Housekeeping” genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Plasmids

A

Replicate separately from chromosome

Genetic element that is expendable and rarely contains genes for growth under all conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

R plasmid

A

Resistance plasmids, usually antibiotic resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Col plasmid

A

Contain genes that code for bacteriocins which are proteins that inhibit or kill other bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Fertility plasmids

A

Capable of conjugation and result in the expression of sex pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Virulence plasmid

A

Turn the bacterium into a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Transposable elements

A

Segment of DNA that can move from one site to another site on the same or a different DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Three main types of transposable elements:

A

Insertion sequences
Transposons
Special viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In several pathogenic bacteria, virulence characteristics are encoded by ___ ___.

A

Plasmid genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Virulence factors:

A
  • Enable pathogen to colonize
  • Enable pathogen to cause host damage
  • hemolysin
  • enterotoxin
38
Q

Bacteriocins

A

Proteins produced by bacteria that inhabit or kill closely related species or even different strains of the same species

39
Q

Genes encoding bacteriocins are often carried on ___.

A

Plasmids

40
Q

DNA replication is ___.

A

Semiconservative

41
Q

____ catalyze the addition of dNTPs.

A

DNA polymerases

42
Q

___ is primary enzyme replicating chromosomal DNA.

A

DNA polymerase III

43
Q

Primer made from RNA by ___.

A

Primase

44
Q

DNA synthesis begins at the _____ in prokaryotes

A

Origin of replication

45
Q

Replication fork

A

Zone of unwound DNA where replication occurs

46
Q

What unwinds the DNA?

A

DNA helicase

47
Q

Connecting DNA fragments on the lagging strand

A
  • DNA synthesis on lagging strand continues until it reaches previously synthesized DNA
  • DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
  • DNA ligase seals nicks in the DNA
48
Q

Replisome

A

Complex of multiple proteins involved in replication

49
Q

DNA synthesis is ___ in prokaryotes.

A

Bidirectional

50
Q

Transcription is carried about by ___.

A

RNA polymerase

51
Q

RNA polymerase recognizes DNA sites called ___.

A

Promoters

52
Q

Promoter

A

Site of initiation of transcription

53
Q

Promoters are recognized by __ __ of RNA polymerase.

A

Sigma factor

54
Q

Transcription stops at specific sites called ___ ___.

A

Transcription terminators

55
Q

Two regions within promoters that are highly conserved:

A

Pribnow box

-35 region

56
Q

Pribnow box

A

Located 10 bases before the start of transcription

57
Q

-35 region

A

Located about 35 bases upstream of transcription

58
Q

Unit of transcription

A

Unit of chromosome bounded by sites where transcription of DNA to RNA is initiated and terminated

59
Q

An mRNA encoding a group of cotranscribed genes is called a ___ mRNA.

A

Polycistronic

60
Q

Operon

A

A group of related genes cotranscribed on a polycistronic mRNA

61
Q

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form a ___.

A

Polypeptide

62
Q

The linear array of amino acids in a polypeptide is called its ___ ___.

A

Primary structure

63
Q

The chemical properties of the amino acid are related to their ___ ___.

A

Side chain

64
Q

Genetic code

A

A triplet of nucleic acid bases encodes a single amino acid

65
Q

Degenerate code

A

Multiple codons encode a single amino acid

66
Q

___ on tRNA recognizes codon.

A

Anticodon

67
Q

Wobble

A

Irregular base pairing allowed at third position of tRNA

68
Q

Stop codons

A

Terminate translation (UAA, UAG, UGA)

69
Q

Start codon

A

Translation begins with AUG

70
Q

Reading frame

A

Triplet code requires translation to begin at the correct nucleotide

71
Q

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

A

Ensures proper reading frame

72
Q

Open reading frame (ORF)

A

AUG followed by a number of codons and a stop codon in the same reading frame

73
Q

Transfer RNA

A

At least one tRNA per amino acid

74
Q

Anticodon

A

Three bases of tRNA that recognize three complementary bases on mRNA

75
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis

76
Q

Translation is broken down into three main steps:

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

77
Q

Initiation

A

Two ribosomal subunits assemble with mRNA

78
Q

Elongation

A

Amino acids are brought to the ribosome and are added to the growing polypeptide

79
Q

Termination

A

Occurs when ribosome reaches a stop codon

80
Q

Secondary structure

A

Interactions of the R groups force the molecule to twist and fold in a certain way

81
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Three-dimensional shape of polypeptide

82
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Number and types of polypeptides that make a protein

83
Q

Denaturation

A
  • occurs when proteins are exposed to extremes of heat, pH, or certain chemicals
  • causes the polypeptide chain to unfold
  • destroys the secondary, tertiary, and/or quaternary structure of the protein
84
Q

The biological properties of a protein are usually lost when it is ___.

A

Denatured

85
Q

Some require assistance from ___ ___ or ___ for folding to occur.

A

Molecular chaperones or chaperonins

86
Q

DNA -> DNA

A

Replication

87
Q

DNA -> RNA

A

Transcription

88
Q

RNA -> protein

A

Translation

89
Q

Enterotoxin

A

GI Tract

Living organism

90
Q

Endotoxin

A

LPS

Organism dies

91
Q

Exotoxin

A

Living organism

Ex. Neurotoxin

Microbiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions