Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology revolves around two themes:

A
  • understanding basic life processes

- applying that knowledge to the benefits of humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___ are excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms.

A

Microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microbes play important roles in ___, ___, and ___.

A

Medicine, agriculture, and industry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The importance of microorganisms:

A
  • oldest form of life
  • largest mass of living material on earth
  • carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles
  • can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
  • other life forms require microbes to survive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The cell is..

A

A dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane:

A

Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytoplasm:

A

Aqueous mixture of macromolecules, ions, and ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Protein-synthesizing structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell wall:

A

Present in most microbes; confers structural strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

All cells have the following in common:

A
  • cytoplasmic membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • no membrane-enclosed organelles, no nucleus

- generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
  • cells are generally larger and more complex
  • contain organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Genome:

A

A cells full complement of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is ___ and found within the ___.

A

Linear, nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Eukaryotic cells usually have more than one ___.

A

Chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eukaryotic cells typically have ___ copies of each chromosome.

A

Two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During cell division, nucleus divides by ____.

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During sexual reproduction, the genome is halved by ___.

A

Meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA molecule called a ___.

A

Chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA aggregates to form the ___.

A

Nucleoid region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prokaryotes also may have small amounts of extrachromosomal DNA called ___ that confer special properties.

A

Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

E. coli genome vs. human cell

A

E. coli
4.64 million base pairs
4,300 genes

Human cell
1,000x more DNA per cell than E. coli
7x more genes than E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Metabolism:

A

Chemical transformation of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reproduction:

A

Generation of two cells from one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Differentiation:

A

Synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Communication:

A

Generation of, and response to, chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Movement:

A

Via self-propulsion, many forms in microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Evolution:

A

Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring

The process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Enzymes:

A

Protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cells store and process information that is eventually passed on to offspring during reproduction through ___ and ___.

A

DNA and evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

DNA stands for:

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Transcription:

A

DNA produces RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

DNA produces RNA

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Translation:

A

RNA makes protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

RNA makes protein

A

Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Growth:

A

The link between cells as machines and cells as coding devices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Last universal common ancestor (LUCA):

A

Common ancestral cell from which all cells descended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Earth is ___ years old

A

4.6 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

First cells appeared between ___ and ___ years ago

A

3.8-3.9 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The atmosphere was anoxic until about ___ years ago.

A

2 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Metabolisms were exclusively ___ until evolution of oxygen-producing phototrophs

A

Anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Life was exclusively microbial until about ___ years ago.

A

One billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Phylogeny:

A
  • Evolutionary relationships between organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is excellent for determining ___.

A

Phylogeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Relationships visualized on a ___ ___.

A

Phylogenetic tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Relationships can be deduced by comparing ___ ___ in the different specimens

A

Genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Comparative rRNA sequencing has defined three distinct lineages of cells called ___.

A

Domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Three domains:

A

Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Archaea (prokaryotic)
Eukarya (eukaryotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Archaea are more closely related to ___ than ___.

A

Eukarya than bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

___ ___ were the ancestors of multicellular organisms.

A

Eukaryotic microorganisms

51
Q

From the LUCA, evolution proceeded to form two domains:

A

Bacteria

Archaea

52
Q

Archaea later diverged to form two domains:

A

Archaea

Eukarya

53
Q

Microorganisms exist in nature in populations of interacting assemblages called ___ ___.

A

Microbial communities

54
Q

The environment in which a microbial population lives is its ___.

A

Habitat

55
Q

___ refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment.

A

Ecosystem

56
Q

___ ___ is the study of microbes in their natural environment.

A

Microbial ecology

57
Q

Diversity and abundances of microbes are controlled by ___ and ___ ___.

A

Resources (nutrients) and environmental conditions (temp, pH, O2)

58
Q

The activities of microbial communities can affect the chemical and physical properties of their ___.

A

Habitats

59
Q

Microbes also interact with their ___ and ___ environment.

A

Physical and chemical

60
Q

Ecosystems are greatly influenced by ___ ___.

A

Microbial activities

61
Q

Extremophiles:

A

Bacteria and archaea that can grow in extremely harsh environments

  • very hot or very cold
  • very acidic or very caustic
  • very salty or very osmotically stressing
  • very high pressure
62
Q

Global estimate is ___ cells

A

5x10^30

63
Q

Most microbial cells are found in ___ and ___ subsurfaces.

A

Oceanic and terrestrial

64
Q

Microbial ___ is significant, and cells are key reservoirs of essential nutrients.

A

Biomass

65
Q

Microorganisms can be both ___ and ___ to humans.

A

Beneficial and harmful

66
Q

Many more microorganisms are ___ than are ___.

A

Beneficial, harmful

67
Q

Many aspects of agriculture depend on ___ ___.

A

Microbial activities

68
Q

Positive impacts of microorganisms and agriculture

A
  • nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  • cellulose-degrading microbes in the rumen
  • regeneration of nutrients in soil and water
69
Q

Negative impacts of microorganisms and agriculture

A

Diseases in plants and animals

70
Q

High numbers of microorganisms occur in ___ and ___ ___.

A

Colon and oral cavity

71
Q

Positive impacts of microorganisms and the human GI tract

A
  • synthesize vitamins and other nutrients

- compete with pathogens for space and resources

72
Q

Positive impacts of microorganisms and food

A
  • microbial transformations yield
73
Q

Negative impacts of microorganisms and food

A

Microorganisms can cause food spoilage

74
Q

The role of microbes in production of biofuels

A

Methane, ethanol, hydrogen

75
Q

Bioremediation:

A

The role of microbes in cleaning up pollutants

76
Q

Biotechnology:

A

Genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans, such as insulin

77
Q

Microorganisms and their genetic resources

A

Exploitation of microbes for production of antibiotics, enzymes, and various chemicals

78
Q

Microbiology began with the ___.

A

Microscope

79
Q

Who was the first to describe microbes?

A

Robert Hooke

80
Q

What did Robert Hooke do?

A

Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds

81
Q

Who was the first to describe bacteria?

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

82
Q

Who discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers?

A

Louis Pasteur

83
Q

Who discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process?

A

Louis Pasteur

84
Q

Who disproved theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur

85
Q

Who developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies?

A

Louis Pasteur

86
Q

When Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation it led to..

A

The development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms

87
Q

Pasteur developed vaccines for ___, ___ ___, and ___.

A

Anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

88
Q

Who demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases?

A

Robert Koch

89
Q

Koch developed techniques for..

A

Obtaining pure cultures of microbes

90
Q

Koch identified causative agents of ___ and ___.

A

Anthrax and tuberculosis

91
Q

Koch discovered that using solid media provided a simple way to optain ___ ___.

A

Pure cultures

92
Q

Colonies:

A

Masses of cells

93
Q

Koch observed that colonies have different ___, ___, and ___.

A

Shapes, colors, and sizes.

94
Q

Microbial diversity:

A

Field that focuses on nonmedical aspects of microbiology

95
Q

Who developed enrichment culture technique?

A

Martinus Beijerinck

96
Q

Enrichment culture technique

A

Microbes can be isolated from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions

97
Q

Who proposed concept of chemolithotrophy?

A

Sergei Winogradsky

98
Q

Chemolithotrophy

A

Oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation

99
Q

Winogradsky demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific ___ ___.

A

Biogeochemical transformations

100
Q

Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology:

A
  • medical microbiology
  • immunology
  • agriculture microbiology
  • industrial microbiology
  • aquatic microbiology
  • biotechnology
101
Q

Medical microbiology:

A

Infectious diseases

102
Q

Immunology:

A

Immune system

103
Q

Agricultural microbiology:

A

Microbes associated with soil

104
Q

Industrial microbiology:

A

Production of antibiotics, alcohols, and other chemicals

105
Q

Aquatic microbiology:

A

Water, wastewater, and drinking water

106
Q

Biotechnology:

A

Products of genetically engineered microorganisms

107
Q

Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology

A
  • microbial systematics
  • microbial physiology
  • microbial ecology
  • microbial biochemistry
  • bacterial genetics
  • virology
108
Q

Microbial systematics:

A

The science of grouping and classifying organisms

109
Q

Microbial physiology:

A

Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that microorganisms generate

110
Q

Microbial ecology:

A

Study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats

111
Q

Microbial biochemistry:

A

Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

112
Q

Bacterial genetics:

A

Study of heredity and variation in bacteria

113
Q

Virology:

A

Study of viruses

114
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction

115
Q

Positive chemotaxis

A

Place sugar - moves towards

116
Q

Negative chemotaxis

A

Place acid - moves away

117
Q

“Hypo”

A

High heat

118
Q

Saccharophiles

A

Sugar loving

119
Q

Pathogenic

A

Able to cause disease

120
Q

Rhizobium

A

Helps to fix nitrogen for plants, creates root nodules

121
Q

Transient bacteria

A

The ones we pick up from our environment

122
Q

Zone of inhabition

A

Big colony not allowing other bacteria to grow

123
Q

All purpose media

A

You can grow anything on this media

TSA and TSB

Microbiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions