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Microbiology > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrients

A

Supply of monomers (or precursors of) required by cells for growth

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2
Q

Macronutrients

A

Nutrients required in large amounts

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutrients required in trace amounts

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4
Q

___ is required by all cells.

A

Carbon

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5
Q

Typical bacterial cell is ____% carbon

A

~50%

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6
Q

What is a major element in all classes of macromolecules?

A

Carbon

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7
Q

Heterotrophs use organic ___.

A

Carbon

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8
Q

Autotrophs use carbon ___.

A

Dioxide

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9
Q

Typical bacterial cell is ___ nitrogen.

A

13%

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10
Q

What is a key element in proteins, nucleic acids, and many more cell constituents?

A

Nitrogen

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11
Q

Phosphorus

A

Synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids

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12
Q

Sulfur

A
  • sulfur-containing amino acids

- vitamins and coenzyme A

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13
Q

___ is required by enzymes for activity.

A

Potassium

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14
Q

Magnesium

A
  • stabilizes ribosomes, membranes, and nucleic acids

- also required for many enzymes

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15
Q

___ helps stabilize cell walls in microbes and plays key role in heat stability of endospores.

A

Calcium

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16
Q

Sodium

A

Required by some microbes

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17
Q

Key component of cytochromes and FeS proteins involved in election transport

A

Iron

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18
Q

Growth factors

A

Organic compounds required in small amounts by certain organisms

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19
Q

Examples of growth factors

A

Vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines

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20
Q

___ are the most commonly required growth factors.

A

Vitamins

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21
Q

Vitamins mostly function as ___.

A

Coenzymes

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22
Q

Culture media

A

Nutrient solutions used to grow microbes in the laboratory

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23
Q

Defined media

A

Precise chemical composition is known

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24
Q

Complex media

A

Composed of digests of chemically undefined substances

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25
Q

Enriched media

A

Contain complex media plus additional nutrients

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26
Q

Selective media

A

Contain compounds that selectively inhibit growth of some microbes but not others

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27
Q

Differential media

A

Contain an indicator, usually a dye, that detects particular chemical reactions occurring during growth

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28
Q

Pure culture

A

Culture containing only a single kind of microbes

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29
Q

Contaminants

A

Unwanted organisms in a culture

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30
Q

When grown on solid media, cells form isolated masses called ___.

A

Colonies

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31
Q

Solid media are prepared by addition of a gelling agent called ___.

A

Agar

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32
Q

Pure culture techniques:

A

Streak plate
Pour plate
Spread plate

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33
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum total of all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

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34
Q

Catabolic reactions (catabolism)

A

Energy-releasing metabolic reactions

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35
Q

Chemorganotrophs

A

An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds

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36
Q

Chemolithotrophs

A

An organism that can grow with inorganic compounds as electron donors in energy metabolism

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37
Q

Phototrophs

A

Organisms that use light as their source of energy

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38
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organism that uses organic compounds as a carbon source

39
Q

Autotrophs

A

An organism capable of biosynthesizing all cell material from CO2 as the sole carbon source

40
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that:

  • lowers the activation energy of a reaction
  • increases reaction rate
  • does not affect energetics or equilibrium of a reaction
41
Q

Enzymes

A
  • biological catalysts
  • typically proteins
  • highly specific
  • generally larger than substrates
  • typically rely on weak bonds
  • increase the rate of chemical reactions by 10^8 to 10^20 times the spontaneous rate
42
Q

Active site

A

Region of enzyme that binds substrate

43
Q

Catalysis depends on:

A
  • substrate binding

- position of substrate relative to catalytically active amino acids in active site

44
Q

Many enzymes contain small ___ ___ that participate in catalysis but are not substrates

A

Nonprotejn molecules

45
Q

Prosthetic groups

A
  • bind tightly to enzymes

- usually bind covalently and permanently

46
Q

Coenzymes

A
  • loosely bound to enzymes

- most are derivatives of vitamins

47
Q

Energy from ___ reactions is used in synthesis of energy-rich compounds

A

Oxidation-reduction (redox)

48
Q

Redox reactions occur in pairs

A

Two half reactions

49
Q

Electron donor

A

The substance oxidized in a redox reaction

50
Q

Electron acceptor

A

The substance reduced in a redox reaction

51
Q

Redox reactions usually involve reactions between intermediates called ___

A

Carriers

52
Q

Electron carriers are divided into two classes:

A

Prosthetic groups

Coenzymes

53
Q

___ and ___ facilitate redox reactions without being consumed; they are recycled.

A

NAD* and NADH

54
Q

Two reaction series are linked to energy conservation in chemoorganotrophs:

A

Fermentation and respiration

55
Q

Fermentation

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation; ATP is directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate

56
Q

Respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation; ATP is produced from proton motive force formed by transport of electrons

57
Q

___ substance is both an electron donor and an electron acceptor.

A

Fermented

58
Q

Glycolysis

A

A common pathway for catabolism of glucose

59
Q

How many ATP are produced from glycolysis?

A

Two

60
Q

Fermentation classified by products formed:

A
  • ethanol
  • lactic acid
  • propionic acid
  • mixed acids
  • butyric acid
  • butanol
61
Q

Fermentation classified by substrate fermented:

A
  • usually not glucose
  • amino acids
  • purines and pyrimidines
  • aromatic compounds
62
Q

___ ___ can carry out fermentation or respiration

A

Saccharomycetes cerevisiae

63
Q

Fermentation occurs when conditions are ___.

A

Anoxic

64
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  • oxidation using O2 as the terminal electron acceptor

- higher ATP yield than fermentations

65
Q

Yeast can reproduce asexually by ___.

A

Budding

66
Q

Electron transport systems

A
  • membrane-associated
  • mediate transfer of electrons
  • conserve some of the energy released during transfer and use it to synthesize ATP
  • many oxidation-reduction enzymes are involved in electron transport
67
Q

NADH dehydrogenases

A

Proteins bound to inside surface of cytoplasmic membrane; active site binds NADH and accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons that are passed to flavoproteins

68
Q

Flavoproteins

A

Contains flavin prosthetic group that accepts 2 electrons and 2 protons but donates the electrons only to the next protein in the chain

69
Q

Cytochromes

A
  • proteins that contain heme prosthetic groups

- accept and donate a single electron via the iron atom in heme

70
Q

Electron transport system oriented in cytoplasmic membrane so that..

A

Electrons are separated from protons

71
Q

Electron carries arranged in membrane in order of their ___ ___.

A

Reduction potential

72
Q

The final carrier in the chain donated the electrons and protons to the..

A

Terminal electron acceptor

73
Q

Proton motive force

A

Results in generation of pH gradient and an electrochemical potential across the membrane

74
Q

ATP synthase

A

Complex that converts proton motive force into ATP; two components

75
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Pathway through which pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2

76
Q

Microorganisms demonstrate a wide range of mechanisms for generating energy:

A
  • fermentation
  • aerobic respiration
  • anaerobic respiration
  • chemolithotrophy
  • phototrophy
77
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

The use of electron acceptors other than oxygen

78
Q

Chemolithotrophy

A

Used inorganic chemicals as electron donors

  • typically aerobic
  • begins with oxidation of inorganic electron donor
79
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Light-mediated ATP synthesis

80
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Uses ATP for assimilation of CO2 for biosynthesis

81
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Uses ATP for assimilation of organic carbon for biosynthesis

82
Q

Phototrophy

A

Uses light as energy source

83
Q

Hemolysis

A

Ability to break down red blood cells

84
Q

Alpha hemolysis

A

Partial destruction of red blood cells

85
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

Complete destruction of red blood cells

86
Q

Gamma hemolysis

A

No destruction of red blood cells

87
Q

Chocolate agar

A

Partially lysed red blood cells

88
Q

Blood agar

A

5% sheep blood

89
Q

Anabolic

A

Building of macromolecules

90
Q

Catabolic

A

Brohydration of macromolecules

91
Q

Strict aerobes

A

Require oxygen all the time

92
Q

Strict anaerobes

A

Can’t be present with oxygen

93
Q

Fabultative anaerobes

A

Grow with or without oxygen

Microbiology (26 decks)

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