Ch. 24

Question 1

0.1% of blood cells are ___.

Answer 1

Leukocytes

Question 2

Leukocytes include:

Answer 2

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

Question 3

___ ___ is composed of plasma and cells.

Answer 3

Whole blood

Question 4

Plasma contains..

Answer 4

Proteins and other solutes

Question 5

___ is the portion of blood that is not cells or clotting proteins.

Answer 5

Serum

Question 6

The ___ ___ is a separate circulatory system that drains lymph fluid from extravascular tissues.

Answer 6

Lymphatic system

Question 7

Blood is pumped through ___ and ___ and returns from the body through ___.

Answer 7

Arteries and capillaries / veins

Question 8

In ___ ___, leukocytes and solutes pass from blood into the lymphatic system.

Answer 8

Capillary beds

Question 9

___ ___ contain high concentrations of lymphocytes and phagocytes.

Answer 9

Lymph nodes

Question 10

Cells can pass from the blood capillaries to lymphatic capillaries and back by a process known as ___.

Answer 10

Extravasation

Question 11

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Answer 11

• contains lymphocytes and phagocytes

- interacts with antigens and microorganisms from gut, respiratory tract, and other mucous membranes

Question 12

White pulp of ___ also contains lymphocytes and phagocytes

Answer 12

Spleen

Question 13

___ are nucleated white blood cells.

Answer 13

Leukocytes

Question 14

___ are specialized leukocytes involved exclusively in adaptive immune response.

Answer 14

Lymphocytes

Question 15

Two types of lymphocytes:

Answer 15

B cells

T cells

Question 16

___ originate and mature in bone marrow.

Answer 16

B cells

Question 17

___ originate in bone marrow, but mature in thymus.

Answer 17

T cells

Question 18

Bone marrow and thymus are ___ ___ ___.

Answer 18

Primary lymphoid organs

Question 19

___ ___ are derived from a myeloid precursor cell.

Answer 19

Myeloid cells

Question 20

Myeloid cells can be divided into two categories:

Answer 20

Antigen-presenting cells

Granulocytes

Question 21

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Answer 21

Engulf, process, and present antibodies to lymphocytes

Question 22

___ contain toxins or enzymes that are released to kill target cells.

Answer 22

Granulocytes

Question 23

Innate immunity (nonspecific immunity)

Answer 23

• the noninducible ability to recognized and destroy an individual pathogen or its products
• does not require previous exposure to a pathogen or its products
• involves recognition of common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens
• mediated by phagocytes

Question 24

Adaptive immunity

Answer 24

• the acquired ability to recognize and destroy and particular pathogen or its products
• dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen or its products
• directed toward an individual molecular component of the pathogen (antigen)

Question 25

Adaptive immunity Following first antigen exposure, a ___ ___ ___ occurs.

Answer 25

Primary immune response

Question 26

T cells produce ..

Answer 26

T cell receptors (TCRs)

Question 27

B cells produce..

Answer 27

Antibodies or immunoglobulins (Igs)

Question 28

T cells can recognize antigen only when presented on self proteins called _____.

Answer 28

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

Question 29

T-cytotoxic (Tc) cells

Answer 29

- recognize antigen presented by MHC I protein on an infected cell - kill antigen-bearing target cells directly

Question 30

T-helper (Th) cells

Answer 30

- interact with peptide-MHC II complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells - act through cytokines to promote immune reactions

Question 31

Th1 cells

Answer 31

Initiate inflammation and immunity by activating macrophages

Question 32

Th2 cells

Answer 32

Stimulate antigen-reactive B cells to produce antibodies

Question 33

B-cells interact directly with ___ antigens.

Answer 33

Exogenous

Question 34

T-cells interact with ___ antigens.

Answer 34

Endogenous

Question 35

___ are soluble proteins made by B cells in response to exposure to nonself antigens.

Answer 35

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Question 36

Primary antibody response

Answer 36

Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce soluble antibodies

Question 37

Secondary antibody response

Answer 37

Subsequent exposure to the same antigen induces memory

Question 38

Several different classes of antibodies exist and are distinguished from one another by their ...

Answer 38

Amino acid sequence

Question 39

___ and ___ are found in blood.

Answer 39

IgM and IgG

Question 40

___ is found in secretions from mucous membranes.

Answer 40

IgA

Question 41

___ is involved in parasite immunity and allergies.

Answer 41

IgE

Question 42

___ is found on surface of B cell.

Answer 42

IgD

Question 43

Antibodies provide targets for interaction with proteins of the complement system, resulting in destruction of antigens through lysis or ___.

Answer 43

Opsonization

Question 44

___ is a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli.

Answer 44

Inflammation

Question 45

Inflammation symptoms

Answer 45

Redness, swelling, pain, and heat localized at the site of infection

Question 46

Molecular mediators of inflammation are proteins called ___ and ___.

Answer 46

Cytokines and chemokines

Question 47

___ are the first to arrive at infection.

Answer 47

Neutrophils

Question 48

Neutrophils are attracted to the site by ___.

Answer 48

Interleukins

Question 49

Activated neutrophils release chemokines to recruit macrophages by..

Answer 49

Guiding them along a chemokine gradient

Question 50

___ ___ can be more dangerous than the initial infection.

Answer 50

Septic shock

Question 51

Natural active immunity

Answer 51

By acquiring an infection that initiates an adaptive immune response

Question 52

Natural passive immunity

Answer 52

Through antibody transfer across the placenta or in breast milk

Question 53

Artificial active immunity (vaccination)

Answer 53

Exposure to a controlled dose of a harmless antigen to induce formation of antibodies

Question 54

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 54

Injection of an antiserum derived from an immune individual

Question 55

Immunization -

Answer 55

The process by generating an artificial active immune response by exposure to an antigen or antigen mixture

Question 56

Vaccine -

Answer 56

Antigen mixture

Question 57

Immunizations usually involve a series of ___ ___ or "booster" immunizations to produce a secondary response and a higher antibody titer.

Answer 57

Secondary immunizations

Question 58

Hypersensitivity -

Answer 58

Inappropriate immune response that results in host damage

Question 59

Allergy-

Answer 59

Antibody-mediated immediate hypersensitivity (type I hypersensitivity)

Question 60

Immediate hypersensitivity allergens:

Answer 60

``` Pollen and fungal spores Insect venom Certain foods Animal dander Dust mites ```

Question 61

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

Answer 61

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity characterized by tissue damage due to inflammatory responses produced by Th1 inflammatory cells

Question 62

Autoimmune diseases -

Answer 62

Occur when T and B cells are activated to produce immune reactions against self proteins

Question 63

Some diseases are caused by ___ antibodies that interact with self antigens.

Answer 63

Autoantibodies

Question 64

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - type II

Answer 64

- Hashimoto's disease | - antibodies against thyroglobulin

Question 65

Immune complex hypersensitivity - type III

Answer 65

- systemic lupus erythematosus | - antibodies against soluble or circulating antigen