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Microbiology > Ch. 24 > Flashcards

Ch. 24 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

0.1% of blood cells are ___.

A

Leukocytes

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2
Q

Leukocytes include:

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

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3
Q

___ ___ is composed of plasma and cells.

A

Whole blood

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4
Q

Plasma contains..

A

Proteins and other solutes

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5
Q

___ is the portion of blood that is not cells or clotting proteins.

A

Serum

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6
Q

The ___ ___ is a separate circulatory system that drains lymph fluid from extravascular tissues.

A

Lymphatic system

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7
Q

Blood is pumped through ___ and ___ and returns from the body through ___.

A

Arteries and capillaries / veins

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8
Q

In ___ ___, leukocytes and solutes pass from blood into the lymphatic system.

A

Capillary beds

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9
Q

___ ___ contain high concentrations of lymphocytes and phagocytes.

A

Lymph nodes

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10
Q

Cells can pass from the blood capillaries to lymphatic capillaries and back by a process known as ___.

A

Extravasation

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11
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A
  • contains lymphocytes and phagocytes

- interacts with antigens and microorganisms from gut, respiratory tract, and other mucous membranes

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12
Q

White pulp of ___ also contains lymphocytes and phagocytes

A

Spleen

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13
Q

___ are nucleated white blood cells.

A

Leukocytes

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14
Q

___ are specialized leukocytes involved exclusively in adaptive immune response.

A

Lymphocytes

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15
Q

Two types of lymphocytes:

A

B cells

T cells

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16
Q

___ originate and mature in bone marrow.

A

B cells

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17
Q

___ originate in bone marrow, but mature in thymus.

A

T cells

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18
Q

Bone marrow and thymus are ___ ___ ___.

A

Primary lymphoid organs

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19
Q

___ ___ are derived from a myeloid precursor cell.

A

Myeloid cells

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20
Q

Myeloid cells can be divided into two categories:

A

Antigen-presenting cells

Granulocytes

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21
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Engulf, process, and present antibodies to lymphocytes

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22
Q

___ contain toxins or enzymes that are released to kill target cells.

A

Granulocytes

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23
Q

Innate immunity (nonspecific immunity)

A
  • the noninducible ability to recognized and destroy an individual pathogen or its products
  • does not require previous exposure to a pathogen or its products
  • involves recognition of common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens
  • mediated by phagocytes
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24
Q

Adaptive immunity

A
  • the acquired ability to recognize and destroy and particular pathogen or its products
  • dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen or its products
  • directed toward an individual molecular component of the pathogen (antigen)
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25
Q

Adaptive immunity

Following first antigen exposure, a ___ ___ ___ occurs.

A

Primary immune response

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26
Q

T cells produce ..

A

T cell receptors (TCRs)

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27
Q

B cells produce..

A

Antibodies or immunoglobulins (Igs)

28
Q

T cells can recognize antigen only when presented on self proteins called _____.

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins

29
Q

T-cytotoxic (Tc) cells

A
  • recognize antigen presented by MHC I protein on an infected cell
  • kill antigen-bearing target cells directly
30
Q

T-helper (Th) cells

A
  • interact with peptide-MHC II complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
  • act through cytokines to promote immune reactions
31
Q

Th1 cells

A

Initiate inflammation and immunity by activating macrophages

32
Q

Th2 cells

A

Stimulate antigen-reactive B cells to produce antibodies

33
Q

B-cells interact directly with ___ antigens.

A

Exogenous

34
Q

T-cells interact with ___ antigens.

A

Endogenous

35
Q

___ are soluble proteins made by B cells in response to exposure to nonself antigens.

A

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

36
Q

Primary antibody response

A

Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce soluble antibodies

37
Q

Secondary antibody response

A

Subsequent exposure to the same antigen induces memory

38
Q

Several different classes of antibodies exist and are distinguished from one another by their …

A

Amino acid sequence

39
Q

___ and ___ are found in blood.

A

IgM and IgG

40
Q

___ is found in secretions from mucous membranes.

A

IgA

41
Q

___ is involved in parasite immunity and allergies.

A

IgE

42
Q

___ is found on surface of B cell.

A

IgD

43
Q

Antibodies provide targets for interaction with proteins of the complement system, resulting in destruction of antigens through lysis or ___.

A

Opsonization

44
Q

___ is a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli.

A

Inflammation

45
Q

Inflammation symptoms

A

Redness, swelling, pain, and heat localized at the site of infection

46
Q

Molecular mediators of inflammation are proteins called ___ and ___.

A

Cytokines and chemokines

47
Q

___ are the first to arrive at infection.

A

Neutrophils

48
Q

Neutrophils are attracted to the site by ___.

A

Interleukins

49
Q

Activated neutrophils release chemokines to recruit macrophages by..

A

Guiding them along a chemokine gradient

50
Q

___ ___ can be more dangerous than the initial infection.

A

Septic shock

51
Q

Natural active immunity

A

By acquiring an infection that initiates an adaptive immune response

52
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Through antibody transfer across the placenta or in breast milk

53
Q

Artificial active immunity (vaccination)

A

Exposure to a controlled dose of a harmless antigen to induce formation of antibodies

54
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Injection of an antiserum derived from an immune individual

55
Q

Immunization -

A

The process by generating an artificial active immune response by exposure to an antigen or antigen mixture

56
Q

Vaccine -

A

Antigen mixture

57
Q

Immunizations usually involve a series of ___ ___ or “booster” immunizations to produce a secondary response and a higher antibody titer.

A

Secondary immunizations

58
Q

Hypersensitivity -

A

Inappropriate immune response that results in host damage

59
Q

Allergy-

A

Antibody-mediated immediate hypersensitivity (type I hypersensitivity)

60
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity allergens:

A 
Pollen and fungal spores
Insect venom
Certain foods
Animal dander
Dust mites
61
Q

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

A

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity characterized by tissue damage due to inflammatory responses produced by Th1 inflammatory cells

62
Q

Autoimmune diseases -

A

Occur when T and B cells are activated to produce immune reactions against self proteins

63
Q

Some diseases are caused by ___ antibodies that interact with self antigens.

A

Autoantibodies

64
Q

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - type II

A
  • Hashimoto’s disease

- antibodies against thyroglobulin

65
Q

Immune complex hypersensitivity - type III

A
  • systemic lupus erythematosus

- antibodies against soluble or circulating antigen

Microbiology (26 decks)

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