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SOCI 313 > ch 4 > Flashcards

ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

two types of statistics

A

descriptive
inferetial

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2
Q

three types of non-probability sampling

A

convenience sampling
snowball sampling
quota sampling

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3
Q

multi-stage cluster sampling involves _______stages

A

two or more
- selecting clusters (groups of elements)
- selecting subunits within cluster
- randomly sampling within the clusters

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4
Q

what are multi-stage cluster sampling used for

A

large populations (no adequate sampling frame, elements are geographically dispersed)

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5
Q

how to select a stratified random sample

A

stratify the population (divide into subgroups)
select a simple random sample or a systematic sample from each stratum

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6
Q

in stratified random sampling ensure that _____ in the population of ______ represented in the sample

A

subgroups
proportionally

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7
Q

explain systematic sample

A

selected from sampling framing (no random. numbers)
- choose a number at random from 1 to i (size of sampling interval)
- this number is known as a random start

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8
Q

about what percent of all sample means lie within 1.96 standard errors off the mean

A

95%

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9
Q

what is a sampling frame

A

a list of elements in the population

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10
Q

how many people you ask to get a good estimate depends on

A

the level of variability

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11
Q

when there is low variability you do not have to ask as many people to get an ______ response

A

accurate

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12
Q

four types of probability samples

A

simple random sample
systematic sample
stratified random sampling
multi-stage cluster sampling

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13
Q

what does standard error of the mean measure

A

probability samples with sufficient sample sizes that have minimal sampling error

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14
Q

probability samples with sufficient sample sizes minimize the amount of

A

sampling error (but it is still bound to occur)

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15
Q

is it virtually impossible to eliminate sampling error, why?

A

yes, using random samples and making the samples as large as possible helps to minimize sampling error

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16
Q

when do errors of estimation occur

A

when there is a discrepancy between the sample and the total population

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17
Q

Sampling

A

the selection of a subset of a population
for observation

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18
Q

what are the two main sampling types

A
  1. Probability: Uses random selection methods, associated
    with quantitative methods.
  2. Non-probability: Does not use random selection methods,
    associated with qualitative research.
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19
Q

systematic

A

A probability sampling method in which units are selected from a sampling frame at fixed intervals (for example, every fifth un

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20
Q

cluster sample

A

A procedure in which the researcher first samples sets of cases (“clusters”) and then samples units within them, usually using a probability sampling method.

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21
Q

non-probability sampling

A

A sample selected using a non-random sampling method. Essentially, this means that some units in the population are more likely than others to be selected.

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22
Q

quota sampling

A

A type of non-probability sample that matches the proportions of people in different categories in the population

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23
Q

sampling error

A

Differences between the characteristics of a random sample and the population from which it is selected.

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24
Q

Element or unit:

A

A single case in the population. In the social sciences that element or unit is usually a person, but many other things can be sampled as well: nations, cities, regions, schools, firms, and so on. Finch and Hayes (1994), for example, based part of their research on a random sample of wills of deceased people

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25
Q

population

A

All the cases about which you are seeking knowledge, or all the cases to which your conclusions are meant to apply

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26
Q

sampling frame

A

The list of elements from which the sample will be selected

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27
Q

probability sample

A

A sample selected using a random process such that each unit in the population has a known chance of being selected. The aim of probability sampling is to keep sampling error (see below) to a minimum

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28
Q

Non-response

A

A situation that occurs whenever some unit selected for the sample refuses to participate in the study, cannot be contacted, or for some other reason does not supply the required data.

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29
Q

Census:

A

Data collected from all elements in the population rather than from a sample. The phrase “the census” typically refers to the enumeration of all (or nearly all) members of the population of a nation-state—that is, a national census

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30
Q

Sampling error

A

An error of estimation that occurs if there is a difference between the characteristics of a sample and those of the population from which it was selected. Sampling error can occur even when a random method is used

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31
Q

what is the sampling ratio

A

n/N

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32
Q

systematic sample is directly from the

A

sampling frame without using random numbers

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33
Q

In systematic sampling, it is important to ensure that there is no

A

pattern or ordering, a feature called periodicity.

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34
Q

in systematic sampling is there equal chance of being picked

A

not every possible combination of cases has an equal chance of being selected

35
Q

stratified random sampling

A

A sample in which units are randomly sampled from a population that has been previously divided into sub-groups (strata)

36
Q

Without a sampling frame, it’s impossible to

A

select a simple random or systematic sample.

37
Q

Many researchers prefer probability samples because

A

they allow one to make inferences from the sample to the population from which it was selected (can be generalized).

38
Q

Which of the following statistics estimates the amount by which a sample mean is likely to differ from the population mean?

A

Standard error of the mean

39
Q

most important of sample

A

absolute size not the proportion of the population that it makes up

40
Q

increasing the size of a sample increases

A

the precision of the estimates derived from it

41
Q

as sample size increases sampling errors tend to

A

decrease

42
Q

heterogeneity of the population means you will need a

A

larger sample

43
Q

contingency table×

A

A table made up of rows and columns that shows the relationship between two variables. Usually, at least one of the variables is a nominal variable or ordinal variable. Each cell in the table shows the number or (more often) the percentage of cases for that specific combination of the two variables

44
Q

What strategy allows social researchers to achieve statistically meaningful results when a subgroup of interest comprises a very small proportion of the population?

A

Random over-sampling

45
Q

quota sampling critques

A
  • not representative
  • It is not appropriate to calculate a standard error term (such as the standard error of the mean) from a quota sample, so it is not possible to estimate the amount by which a sample characteristic is likely to differ from the population.
46
Q

onsiderations relating to probability sampling derive largely from concerns about

A

external validity

46
Q

How do social researchers test the limits of generalizability issuing from changes over time?

A

Replication
correct

47
Q

Even when a sample is selected using probability sampling, findings can only be generalized to the population from which the sample was taken.

A

true

48
Q

Studies of mass media tend to focus on issues of

A

representation

49
Q

The time span analysed in content analysis often depends on

A

the research question

50
Q

What effect has the growing use of cellphones had on telephone surveys?

A

Decreased response rates

51
Q

Which type of survey is the least accessible to all sample members?

A

Email

52
Q

Sampling errors in research occur because

A

occur because there is a discrepancy between the sample group and the total population.

53
Q

What is the advantage of multi-stage cluster sampling

A

It allows interviews to be more geographically concentrated

54
Q

difficulty with multi-stage cluster sampling

A

It may be difficult because different clusters may have different numbers of elements in them.

55
Q

The most efficient use of convenience sample is to

A

test the reliability of measures to be used in a larger studyproportional sampling.

56
Q

Quota sampling interferes with

A

interferes with representativeness of the sample.

57
Q

Follow-up contact with non-responsive participants are used for

A

telephone interviews.

58
Q

three search principles

A

respect
concern
justice

59
Q

The first priority of a social researcher should be to ensure

A

that people being studied do not get hurt

60
Q

In Canada, most research must comply with the

A

TCPS2 (CIHR, NSERC, & SSHRC,

61
Q

who reviews research project that involves humans before it begins

A

a research ethic board

62
Q

the principle of respect for persons

A

The utilitarian defines the rightness of actions, and the
goodness of ends, in terms of the pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction, to which they give rise

63
Q

The principle of respect for persons

A

maintains that humans should not be treated as mere “objects” or as a means to an end.

64
Q

infomation sheet or letter of information

A

given to people weighing the pros and cons of ressearch - this outlines what it is

65
Q

informed consent

A

the principle that prospective participants in social research should be given as much information as they need to make a sound decision about whether to participate in a study; a key principle in social research ethics.

66
Q

two difficulties of informed consent

A
  • It’s extremely difficult to give prospective participants absolutely all the information required to make an informed decision about their involvement
  • In ethnographic research, the researcher is likely to come into contact with a wide spectrum of people, and ensuring that absolutely everyone has the opportunity to give informed consent is not practicable.
67
Q

informed consent can impact

A

reactive effects

68
Q

_______ is the starting point of respect for persons in social research.

A

free, informed consent

69
Q

What does the practice of debriefing involve in social research?

A

Giving participants previously withheld information about the study correct

70
Q

randomized response technique was originally designed for

A

interview situations for controversial/illegal activities

71
Q

pseudonyms are used to protect_____ ______. what is the issue with qualitative research

A

peoples identities. qualitative describes the social setting in depth which can give clues to people

72
Q

covert research. what defence is used

A

investigation in which the people being observed are not informed that they are part of a study. defence: research benefits outweigh any harm that may come to the people being studied. however it is usually avoided as much as possible

73
Q

In the context of social research, justice entails

A

the burdens and benefits of research should be spread evenly across society

74
Q

Which of the following motivated the development of the randomized response technique?

A

To protect participants in the event police examine research data and bring researchers into court as witnesses correct

75
Q

Cues picked up by participants that lead them to act in certain ways to avoid ruining the study or to otherwise please the researcher are called

A

demand characteristics

76
Q

Which of the following is a rule of thumb concerning the use and size of payments for participation in social research

A

Payment should not exceed the sorts of benefits to which the participants are accustomed

77
Q

what were the issues with the tuskegee study

A

deception
no informed consent
nothing was learned

78
Q

what was learned from the shock experiment

A

50% obeyed commands
people listen and trust the authority

79
Q

what research ethics were violated in the shock experiment

A

deception
informed consent
violation of participant welfare
harm
involuntary participation

80
Q

Which of the following is a method used to maintain anonymity of participants

A

Ethnographic work correct

81
Q

The first priority of social researchers should be

A

the welfare of research subjects

82
Q

In participant observation projects where participants are aware of the researcher and the project, consent

A

may be obtained verbally

83
Q

Payment for participation in a study is

A

unacceptable if the participants are paid for risks they would not otherwise take.

SOCI 313 (16 decks)

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