Ch 37: Populations(Exam 1)

Question 1

Ecology

Answer 1

the study of the relationships that organisms have with each other and with the environment

Question 2

Population vs Community

Answer 2

POPULATION-a group of interbreeding organisms of ONE species occupying a location at the same time
COMMUNITY-ALL of the populations, representing MULTIPLE species, that interact in a given area

Question 3

Habitat

Answer 3

physical location where the members of a population normally live

Question 4

Population Density vs Population Distribution

Answer 4

POPULATION DENSITY-the number of individuals of a species per unit area or unit volume of habitat
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION- patterns describe how individuals are scatted through the habitat space (random, uniform, and clumped)

Question 5

Population Dynamics

Answer 5

the study of the factors that influence these changes in a population size
EX: additions=births, immigration
subtractions=death, emigration

Question 6

Emigration vs Immigration

Answer 6

EMIGRATION-going out of population
IMMIGRATION-going into population

Question 7

Survivorship Curve

Answer 7

a graph of the proportion of surviving individuals at each age (3 types)

Question 8

Type I (survivorship curve)

Answer 8

(LATE LOSS) species, such as humans and elephants, invest a great deal of time and energy in each offspring

Question 9

Type II (survivorship curve)

Answer 9

(CONSTANT LOSS) species, including many birds and mammals, may also provide a great deal of parental care, but there is an equal probability for dying at any age (straight line)

Question 10

Type III (survivorship curve)

Answer 10

(EARLY LOSS) species, such as many fish and most invertebrates and plants, may produce many offspring, but invest little in each one

Question 11

Carrying Capacity

Answer 11

the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support indefinitely

Question 12

Density-dependent vs Density-independent

Answer 12

DENSITY-DEPENDENT=are conditions whose growth limiting effects increase as a population grows. Most density dependent limits are biotic, meaning they result from interactions with living organisms.
FACTOR EX: competition for recourses within or among species, infectious diseases, predation
DENSITY-INDEPENDENT=exert effects that are unrelated to population density. Most density independent limits are abiotic, or non living.
FACTOR EX: natural disasters, industrial accidents, habitat destruction

Question 13

R-Selected vs K-Selected Species

Answer 13

R-SELECTED=(opportunistic life history) in which individuals tend to be
-short lived
-reproduce at an early age
-have many offspring that receive little to no care
-low probability of surviving
-type III survivorship
EX: weeds, insects
K-SELECTED=(equilibrium life history) in which individuals tend to be
-long lived
-late maturing
-produce small number of offspring that receive extended parental care
-live longer
-type I survivorship
EX: large mammals

Question 14

In terms of changes in death and birth rates, explain why growth rates of human populations have increased in most developing countries in the last 50 years?

Answer 14

due to birth rate being higher then the death rate

Question 15

Explain why the ecological footprints of some countries is increasing?

Answer 15

it is increasing in wealthier countries due to energy consumption, fossil fuels, food production, etc