Ch. 33: Cells and Tissues

Question 1

simple tissue

-classifications

Answer 1

similar types of cells which have common origin and function
classifications
-parynchyma
-collenchyma
-sclerenchyma
-epidermis

Question 2

compound tissue

Answer 2

BOOK

Question 3

parenchyma

• what is it?
• functions

Answer 3

type of ground tissue
most of the soft, moist primary growth of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits
functions
-photosynthesis
-respiration
-storage
-secretion

Question 4

collenchyma

-what is it

Answer 4

type of ground tissue
function
-flexible strength for growing plant parts
important adaptation in parts such as elongating stems that require structural support as they grow
contains a primary wall built of layers of cellulose and pectin
-thickens as the cell synthesizes these components

Question 5

sclerenchyma

• what is it?
• functions
• types

Answer 5

type of ground tissue
functions
-rigid support
-physical/mechanical protection

Question 6

fibers and sclerids

-what are they

Answer 6

types of sclerenchyma
sclerids
-give pears slightly gritty texture
fibers
-compared to heavy rubber
--pliable but resist stretching

Question 7

epidermis

• what is it?
• functions

Answer 7

part of dermal tissue system
complex tissue that covers the primary plant body
outer surface is coated with waxes that are embedded in cutin, a network of chemically linked fats
functions
-control of gas exchange
-water loss
-protection

Question 8

cuticle

-what is it?

Answer 8

coating secreted from epidermal cells that resists water loss and helps fend off attacks by microbes
coats all external parts except the very tips of the shoot and most absorptive parts of the roots

Question 9

cutin

Answer 9

waxy polymer that is a main component of the plant cuticle

Question 10

stomata

• what are they?
• functions

Answer 10

porelike openings between guard cells
functions
-gas exchange
-water intake/outtake

Question 11

guard cells

Answer 11

contain chloroplasts (can carry out photosynthesis) and stomata

Question 12

companion cells

• what are they?
• functions

Answer 12

specialized parenchyma cells that connect to mature sieve-tube members by plasmodesmata
functions
-assist sieve-tube members both with uptake of sugars and unloading into tissues
-help regulate metabolism of mature sieve-tube members

Question 13

trichome

• what are they
• function

Answer 13

outgrowths that give the stems or leaves of some plants a hairy appearance
some exude sugars that attract insect pollinators

Question 14

cork cambium

Answer 14

lateral meristem
responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems
produced by the first pericycle and later by initials in secondary phloem

Question 15

cork tissue

Answer 15

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Question 16

suberin

Answer 16

waxy substance impermeable to water

impregnates the Casparian strip

Question 17

xylem

• what is it?
• function

Answer 17

vascular tissue that contains stacked water-conducting cells called tracheids
transport of water and dissolved minerals

Question 18

phloem

• what is it?
• function

Answer 18

vascular tissue that is an adaptation for transporting sugars and other metabolic products
function
-sugar transport

Question 19

vascular cambium

Answer 19

undifferentiated meristem cells between the primary xylem and phloem
divide to give rise to cells that further divide, differentiate and specialize to form the secondary vascular tissue

Question 20

lignin (lignified)

Answer 20

tough polymer that strengthens the secondary wall of certain types of plant cells
helps vascular plants to grow taller and star erect on land
gives phothsynthetic tissues better access to sunlight

Question 21

tracheary elements

Answer 21

conducting cell
defining characteristic of vascular plants to differentiate them from non-vascular plants
develop a thick lignified cell wall
-at maturity the protoplast has broken down and disappeared

Question 22

tracheids

Answer 22

type of tracheary element
water can move from cell to cell through openings called pits
-usually seeps laterally

Question 23

vessel members

adaptatins to enhance water flow

Answer 23

type of tracheary element
arose in most lineages of angiosperms
have pits through which water can move from cell to cell
adaptations to enhance water flow
-have wider inside diameter than tracheids
-enzymes break down portions of their end walls producing perforations as they mature

Question 24

pit

Answer 24

openings in cells through which water moves

Question 25

sieve cells/tubes

Answer 25

main conducting cells of the phloem (carry sugars)

Question 26

sieve plate

Answer 26

end walls of cells within a sieve tube

laced with openings

Question 27

plasmodesmata

Answer 27

minute channel that perforates a cell wall and contains extensions of the cytoplasm that directly connect adjacent plant cells

Question 28

apical vs. lateral meristems

• position
• function
• products

Answer 28

position
-apical: at the ends stems
-lateral: between xylem and phloem
function
-apical: make the plant grow longer or taller
-lateral: make a tree grow wider by adding vascular tissue
products
-apical: growth results in primary tissue
-lateral: growth results in secondary tissues

Question 29

primary vs. secondary tissues

Answer 29

primary
-tissues that develop from apical meristems
secondary
-tissues that develop from lateral meristems

Question 30

primary and secondary growth

Answer 30

primary
-growth of the primary plant body
-occurs at the tips of roots and shoots
secondary
-growth of the secondary plant body
-increases the girth (diameter) of oler roots and stems

Question 31

wood vs. bark

Answer 31

wood
-hard secondary xylem that forms inside the ring of vascular cambium
bark
-tissues sandwiched between the vascular cambium and the stem surface
-includes the secondary phloem and periderm
-tubular openings (in the periderm) permit exchanges of oxygen and CO2 between living tissues and the outside air

Question 32

describe the arrangement of the major tissue types in stems, roots, and leaves

Answer 32

BOOK