Ch. 20 (not really): Basic Foundational Material

Question 1

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic

Answer 1

pro
-DNA is not separated from other cellular components
euk
-DNA is enclosed in a nucleus

Question 2

haploid vs. diploid

Answer 2

haploid
-cell with one copy of each type of chromosome in its nucleus
diploid
-cell with two copies of each type of chromosome in its nucleus

Question 3

mitosis vs. meiosis

Answer 3

mitosis
-produces daughter nuclei that are exact genetic copies of the parental nucleus
meiosis
-division of diploid cells to haploid progeny

Question 4

alternation of generations

Answer 4

regular alternation of mode of reproduction in the life cycle of an organism
ex.
-diploid (sporophyte) to haploid (gametophyte)

Question 5

turgid, turgor pressure

Answer 5

the internal hydrostatic pressure within plant cells

Question 6

gamete

Answer 6

haploid cell - egg or sperm

Question 7

spore

Answer 7

haploid reproductive structure that can develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell
usually a single cell
found in plants, fungi, and certain protists

Question 8

gametophyte

Answer 8

in organisms in which alternation of generations occurs, the multicellular haploid generation that produces gametes

Question 9

sporophyte

Answer 9

an individual of the diploid generation produced through fertilization in organisms that undergo alternation of generations
produces haploid spores

Question 10

gametangium

Answer 10

a cell or organ in which gametes are produced

Question 11

sporangium

Answer 11

a cell or organ in which spores are produced

Question 12

isogamous

Answer 12

gametes look alike

-includes + and - mating types

Question 13

anisogamous

Answer 13

gametes look nearly alike
size difference
-larger is female
both are either flagellated or unflagellated

Question 14

oogamous

Answer 14

female gamete larger than the male and non-motile

male is motile

Question 15

isomorphic vs. heteromorphic

Answer 15

iso
-different but same form
--bodies of sporophyte and gametophyte
hetero
-different and different form
-having different forms at different points in the life cycle

Question 16

homothallic vs. heterothallic

Answer 16

homo
-a single organism has the resources to reproduce sexually
hetero
-sexes reside in different individuals

Question 17

photosynthesis

Answer 17

the conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic molecules

Question 18

carbon fixation

Answer 18

conversion of inorganic carbon to organic compounds by living organisms

Question 19

thylakoid

Answer 19

membrane-bound sac within chloroplasts that are the sight of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 20

grana

Answer 20

structure in the chloroplasts of higher plants formed by thylakoids stacked one on top of another

Question 21

stroma

Answer 21

the matrix of a chloroplast, containing various molecules and ions

Question 22

photosynthetic pigments

Answer 22

pigment that captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis
ex.
-carotene
-xanthophyll
--fucoxanthin
-chl. a, b, c

Question 23

accessory pigments

Answer 23

pigments that pass their energy to other pigments (chl. a)

Question 24

gametic meiosis characteristics

Answer 24

diploid body (2n)
-can produce a spore (2n) which turns into another body
when meiosis occurs, gametes (n) are formed
finds another gamete (fertilization)
-plasmogamy and karyogamy
results in zygote (2n)
-mitosis and differentiation lead to a new body

Question 25

zygotic meiosis characteristics

Answer 25

``` begin with haploid body (n) -can produce a spore mitosis and differentiation occur fertilization occurs -zygote (2n) goes through meiosis -spores (n) -form haploid bodies through M+D many phlya spend most of their lives between fertilization and meiosis ```

Question 26

sporic meiosis characteristics

Answer 26

``` spore (n) grows into a body by M+D (n) grown into gametes by M+D (n) joins with other gametes -fertilization -results in zygote (2n) form another body (2n) body will divide by meiosis ```

Question 27

how is chloroplast structure related to photosynthesis

Answer 27

thylakoids

Question 28

cell wall functions

Answer 28

support | protection

Question 29

cell wall composition - plants - fungi - prokaryotes

Answer 29

``` plants -cellulose fungi -chitin prokaryotes -peptidoglycan ```

Question 30

large vacuole function in plant cells

Answer 30

maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall | storage

Question 31

chloroplast vs. chromoplast vs. leukoplast (amyloplasts)

Answer 31

``` chloroplast -contains chlorophyll -organelle where photosynthesis occurs chromoplast -does not contain chlorophyll -responsible for pigment synthesis and storage leukoplast -non-pigmented organelles found in some plant cells ```