Ch. 30: Fungi

Question 1

chitin

Answer 1

polysaccharide that provides rigidity for the cell wall

same function as external skeletons of insects and other arthropods

Question 2

hypha

Answer 2

filament of a fungus

branch repeatedly as they grow over or into organic matter to exploit food sources

Question 3

mycelium

Answer 3

combined mass of hyphae

Question 4

septum (septa)

Answer 4

cross walls in multicellular fungi that divide hyphae into cell-like compartments that contain organelles

Question 5

coenocyte

Answer 5

species where hyphae divide without cytokinesis so no septa develop and organelles share a common cytoplasm

Question 6

mating type

Answer 6

haploid hyphae

similar to sex in males

Question 7

lichen

Answer 7

mutualistic

fungus and green algae or cyanobacterium

Question 8

mycorrhizae

Answer 8

mutualistic symbiosis of fungi with plant roots

Question 9

spore

Answer 9

walled single cell or multicullular structure that is dispersed from the parent body
microscopic and nonmotile

Question 10

conidia

Answer 10

asexual spores

non-motile spores of a fungus

Question 11

zygospore

Answer 11

multinucleate, thick-walled sexual spore used by zygomycota

looks like a spider walker

Question 12

mycobiont

Answer 12

the fungal component of a lichen

90% of lichen

Question 13

zoospore

Answer 13

a flagellated spore that is for dispersal

Question 14

plasmogamy

Answer 14

in species that form a dikaryon, the nuclei from the two mating types remain separate
the dikaryon may develop further, as into an n + n mycelium (not haploid or diploid

Question 15

karyogamy

Answer 15

paired nuclei in a dikaryotic cell fuse

-further development produces a diploid zygote

Question 16

ascus

-found in

Answer 16

saclike cell in ascomycetes (sac fungi) in which meiosis gives rise to haploid sexual spores
karyogamy takes place

Question 17

basidium

Answer 17

dikaryotic cell made of 1 nucleus of 2 mating types
-nuclei fuse into a diploid cell
-splits into two of each mating type
located next to the gills on the bottom of the fruiting body

Question 18

photobiont

Answer 18

photosynthetic partner in a lichen

Question 19

ascospore

Answer 19

spores released from the ascus by the wind

Question 20

basidiospore

Answer 20

spores released from basidia throughout the environment

Question 21

haustoria

Answer 21

hyphal branches from fungi that parasitize living plants

penetrate the walls of a host plant’s cells and channel nutrients back to the fungal body

Question 22

mutualistic

Answer 22

symbiotic relationship between organisms in which both organisms benefit

Question 23

parasitic

Answer 23

symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits which the other is harmed

Question 24

thallus

Answer 24

body of a lichen

-tough and pliable

Question 25

pathogenic

Answer 25

parasitism makes the host sick

Question 26

hymenium

Answer 26

tissue layer of the fungal fruiting body where cells develop into asci or basidia

Question 27

ascocarp

Answer 27

reproductive bodies of ascomycetes -bear or contain the asci begin to develop when the conidum from a hypha of one mating type fuses with a hypha of the opposite mating type plasmogamy takes place

Question 28

basidiocarp

Answer 28

reproductive body of the fungus consists of tight clusters of hyphae we call them mushrooms

Question 29

trichogyne

Answer 29

in ascomycota | result of the fusion of the "male" and "female" hyphal strands

Question 30

antheridium

Answer 30

found in ascomycota | haploid structure producing and containing male gametes

Question 31

septate vs. ceonocytic

Answer 31

septate -cell wall -contains a hole or pore to allow cytoplasm to move between hyphae -more structural stability than coenocytic --easier to make macroscopic structures coenocytic -no septa between cells

Question 32

monokaryotic vs. dikaryotic

Answer 32

monokaryotic -having one nucleus per cell dikaryotic -having two nuclei per cell

Question 33

homokaryotic vs. heterokaryotic

Answer 33

homokaryotic -multinucleate cells where all nuclei are genetically identical heterokaryotic -cells where two or more genetically different nuclei share the same cytoplasm

Question 34

what is distinctive about centrioles and most fungi

Answer 34

they are absent

Question 35

centriole function

Answer 35

organization of the mitotic spindle

Question 36

distinguish between yeast form and hyphal form

Answer 36

yeast -single-celled hyphal -multicellular

Question 37

what is similar between how yeasts and hyphae grow

Answer 37

BOOK

Question 38

what is different between how yeasts and hyphae grow

Answer 38

BOOK

Question 39

chytridiomycota distinguishing features

Answer 39

have flagellated protist ancestors that gave rise to the fungi ONLY fungi that produce motile spores, propelled by flagella -ZOOSPORES -posterior, whiplash most are aquatic asexually reproduce -a few sexually -karyogamy directly follows plasmogamy to produce a 2n zygote

Question 40

zygomycota distinguishing features

Answer 40

``` zygote fungi terrestrial coenocytic hyphae asexual or sexual most are coenocytic ```

Question 41

ascomycota distinguishing features

Answer 41

``` "sac fungi" sexual spores are the spores that result from meiosis septate hyphae or they grow as yeasts terrestrial apothecium/perithecium/cleistothecium ```

Question 42

basidiomycota distinguishing features

Answer 42

"club fungi" mushrooms usual fungal partners in ectomycorrhizae rust or smut disease

Question 43

sporangium vs. sporangiophore

Answer 43

sporangium -container upon which spores are formed sporangiophore -a structure that bears sporangia

Question 44

fungal symbiosis examples

Answer 44

lichen | mycorrhiza

Question 45

obligate vs. facultative relationships

Answer 45

obligate -both symbionts depend entirely on each other for survival facultative -do not need each other for survival

Question 46

endomycorrhizae vs. ectomycorrhizae

Answer 46

endo -fungal hyphae penetrate the cell wall but not the cell membrane of the root -glomeromycete is the fungal partner ecto -fungal hyphae penetrate between the cells of the root into the plant

Question 47

why are fungal infection in humans harder to treat than bacterial or viral infections

Answer 47

BOOK

Question 48

crustose vs. foliose vs. fruticose

Answer 48

crustose -thin crust-like "body" adhering tightly to rocks or tree trunks foliose -leaf-like form readily separated from the substrate fruticose -branched form with cylindrical or flattened branches

Question 49

which fungi are flagellated, aquatic organisms

Answer 49

chytridiomycota

Question 50

which features suggest fungi are more closely related to animals than they are to plants or to bacteria

Answer 50

single posterior whiplash flagella energy storage have chitin