Ch. 28: Non-vascular Land Plants (Bryophytes)

Question 1

cuticle

Answer 1

waxy layer
secreted from epidermal cells
slows water loss, helping to prevent desiccation
coats all parts except the very tips of the shoot and most absorptive parts of the roots

Question 2

stomata

-found in

Answer 2

found in
-some hornworts
-mosses
porelike openings in cuticle-covered surfaces
formed by a pair of cells that can change shape and so open up or close a space between them

Question 3

archegonium

Answer 3

central column (passage to the egg)
cells that form the central column digest themselves and become a liquid when the egg is mature

Question 4

foot

Answer 4

absorbs water, minerals, and food from the parent

Question 5

seta

Answer 5

stalk supporting the capsule of a moss or liverwort
supplies it with nutrients
present on some mosses

Question 6

antheridium

Answer 6

produces and contains male gametes

Question 7

gametophyte

Answer 7

haploid (n) generation
-longer time and larger than sporophyte generation
has a gametangium
-produces the thallus (simple body)

Question 8

elaters

Answer 8

hygroscopic
-change shape in response to changes in humidity and the environment
function in dispersing the spores to a new location

Question 9

embryo

Answer 9

dependent, multicellular organism that is sheltered inside tissues of a parent plant

Question 10

sporangium (capsule)

Answer 10

houses the spores in the sporophyte

Question 11

sporophyte

Answer 11

diploid generation
-produces haploid spores
begins after fertilization
will develop sporangia which produce spores

Question 12

hydroid

Answer 12

forms the innermost layer of cells in the stem of mosses

transport water and minerals

Question 13

hygroscopic

Answer 13

change shape in response to changes in humidity and the environment

Question 14

gemma cup (gemmae)
-found in

Answer 14

found in liverworts
small cell masses that form cuplike growths on a thallus
allow for asexual reproduction
can grow new thalli when rainwater splashes them out of the cups and onto an appropriately moist substrate

Question 15

rhizoid

-found in

Answer 15

found in
-liverworts
-mosses
cells which can help anchor a plant and take up water
in liverworts, rhizoids can break off the thallus and develop into new individuals

Question 16

venter

Answer 16

swollen lower portion of the archegonium containing the egg

Question 17

neck

Answer 17

passage to the egg

Question 18

neck canal cells

Answer 18

BOOK

Question 19

protonema

-found in

Answer 19

found in mosses
filamentous web of tissue produced after the spore germinates
-can become dense enough to color the surface of soil visibly green
cells on protonema develop into leafy, green gametophytes anchored by rhizoids
can produce bud after bud, giving rise to a dense clone of genetically identical gametophytes

Question 20

sterile jacket

Answer 20

outside layer of cells (single layer) that surrounds gametangia that produce sperm

Question 21

calyptra

Answer 21

enlarged archegonial venter that protects the capsule containing the embryomic sporophyte

Question 22

operculum

Answer 22

flap of the sporangium of the moss, covering the peristome

falls off when the spores are mature

Question 23

sporopollenin

Answer 23

helps plants to not dry out
resistant polymer that surrounds the zygotes of modern charophytes
major component of the thick sporangium wall that protects spores from drying and other damage

Question 24

peristome teeth

Answer 24

16 teeth make a peristome

Question 25

bryophyte phyla

Answer 25

hepatophyta anthocerophyta bryophyta

Question 26

hepatophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 26

``` liverworts thallus -gametophyte generation no stomata lack three introns ```

Question 27

anthocerophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 27

hornworts simple stomata flat thallus, but the sporangium of the sporophyte is pointed like a horn split into two or three ribbonlike sections when they release spores have a single large chloroplast that contains pyrenoids

Question 28

bryophyta distinguishing characteristics

Answer 28

have stomata that open and close some have a central strand of primitive conducting tissue protonema when a leafy moss is sexually mature, gametangia develop on its gametophytes and gametes form in them sporophyte can produce some chloroplasts but is still dependent on the gametophyte for water, carbohydrates, and some other nutrients

Question 29

bryophte adaptations for life in terrestrial habitats

Answer 29

partially formed vascular system - "stems," "leaves," and fibrous, rootlike organs - sporophytes of some species have a water-conserving cuticle and stomata - asexual and sexual reproductive modes - long-lived haploid gametophytes and short-lived diploid sporophytes

Question 30

pioneer function of bryophytes

Answer 30

combination of traits that allow them to bridge aquatic and land environments some are epiphytes -grow independently (not as a parasite) on another organism or some other moist place sporophytes of some species have a water-conserving cuticle and stomata asexual and sexual reproductive modes

Question 31

How is spore dispersal in the nonvascular plants controlled by relative humidity and hygroscopic structures?

Answer 31

when the relative humidity decreases, hygroscopic structures open and release spores

Question 32

describe gamete transfer mechanisms in the non-vascular plants

Answer 32

``` archegonia (female) and antherida (male) hornworts -sexual (similar to liverworts) or asexual -rhizoid splits off mosses -asexual or bisexual ```

Question 33

heteromorphic vs. heterothallic

Answer 33

heteromorphic -having different forms at different times in life cycle heterothallic -sex cells reside in two different individuals

Question 34

peristome vs. stomate

Answer 34

peristome -specialized structure in the sporangium that allows for gradual spore discharge stomate -pore that is used to control gas exchange

Question 35

capsule vs. calyptra

Answer 35

capsule calyptra -enlarged archegonial venter that protects the capsule containing the embryomic sporophyte