ch 30 hematologic problems - book/1 Flashcards

1
Q

anemia is defined as

3

A
  1. def in the number of RBCs
  2. def in quantity or quality of hgb
  3. low volume of PRBCs (hematocrit)
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2
Q

anemia is dx based on

3

A
  1. CBC
  2. reticulocyte count
  3. peripheral blood smear
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3
Q

most accurate means of classifying anemias

A

morphology

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4
Q

thalassemias is caused by

A

decreased globin synthesis

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5
Q

CM of anemia are caused by the body’s response to

A

tissue hypoxia

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6
Q

anemia s/s mild state

A

may be w/o s/s

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7
Q

mild state anemia s/s if present

A
  1. palpitations
  2. dyspnea
  3. mild fatigue
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8
Q

mild anemia hgb level

A

10-12

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9
Q

moderate anemia hgb level

A

6-10

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10
Q

severe anemia hgb level

A

<6

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11
Q

anemia acute interventions include

4

A
  1. blood transfusions
  2. drug therapy (EPO, vitamins)
  3. RBC replacement
  4. oxygen therapy
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12
Q

nutrition - encourage

A

high iron foods

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13
Q

is anemia a normal finding in older adults

A

no

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14
Q

clinical manifestations of anemia in older adults may include
5

A
  1. pallor
  2. confusion
  3. ataxia
  4. fatigue
  5. worsening CV and respiratory problems
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15
Q

iron def anemia can be caused by

A

malabsorption of irone from GI surgery and malabsorption syndromes; removal or bypass of the duodenum

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16
Q

how much blood must be lost to show melena (blood in stool)

A

50-75 mL

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17
Q

common causes of GI blood loss are

6

A
  1. peptic ulcer
  2. gastritis
  3. esophagitis
  4. diverticula
  5. hemorrhoids
  6. neoplasia
18
Q

iron def anemia clinical manifestations

6

A
  1. pallor #1
  2. glossitis #2
  3. cheilitis (inflammation of lips)
  4. headache
  5. paresthesias
  6. burning of tongue
19
Q

iron is absorbed best from

2

A

duodenum

proximal jejunum

20
Q

when and how to take iron

A

about an hour before meals, when the duodenal mucosa is most acidic; take with vit c

21
Q

GI s/e of iron

3

A
  1. heartburn
  2. constipation
  3. diarrhea
22
Q

iron injection

3

A
  1. can stain skin
  2. IM or IV
  3. use z track
23
Q

groups at increased risk for iron-def anemia

5

A
  1. premenopausal women
  2. pregnant women
  3. low socioeconomic backgrounds
  4. older adults
  5. individuals experiencing blood loss
24
Q

iron def anemia - reassess what counts to evaluate the response to therapy
2

A

hgb and RBC counts

25
Q

monitor what if needing lifelong iron

A

liver function

26
Q

thalassemia

A

group of diseases involving inadequate production of normal hgb, and therefor decreasing erythrocyte production

27
Q

group of diseases involving inadequate production of normal hgb, and therefor decreasing erythrocyte production

A

thalassemia

28
Q

thalassemia is due to

A

an absent or reduced globulin protein

29
Q

thalassemia minor vs major

A

minor: usually w/o s/s; mild to mod anemia with microcytosis and hypochromia (pale cells)
major: life threatening; growth physically and mentally is retarded; pale, general s/s of anemia

30
Q

thal major s/s

3

A
  1. pale
  2. jaundice from hemolysis of RBCs
  3. pronounced splenomegaly
31
Q

chronic BM hyperplasia and expansion of the marrow space

A

thal major

32
Q

thal major is managed with

3

A
  1. blood transfusions
  2. exchange transfusions
  3. chelating agents that bind to iron (reducing the iron overloading that occurs with chronic transfusion therapy)
33
Q

what is required for cobalamin absorption

A

IF

34
Q

most common cause of cobalamin def is

A

prenicious anemia, which is caused by an absence of IF

35
Q

gastric mucosa is not secreting IF because of either gastric mucosal atrophy or autoimmune destruction of parietal cells

A

pernicious anemia

36
Q

what is required for secretion of IF

A

acidic environment

37
Q

causes of cobalamin def include

5

A
  1. GI surgery (gastrectomy, gastric bypass)
  2. small bowel resection involving ileum
  3. Crohn’s disease
  4. ileitis
  5. celiac disease
38
Q

general manifestations of anemia r/t cobalamin def develop because of

A

tissue hypoxia

39
Q

cobalamin anemia s/s

6

A
  1. sore, red, beefy tongue
  2. anorexia
  3. NV
  4. abd pain
  5. weakness
  6. paresthesias of hands and feet
40
Q

pernicious anemia dx studes

3

A
  1. macrocytic with abnormal shape
  2. low cobalamin levels
  3. normal folate levels