CH 30

Question 1

Perestroika

Answer 1

a political movement for reform within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning “openness”) policy reform.

Question 2

Glasnost

Answer 2

Glasnost was taken to mean increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union (USSR). Glasnost reflected a commitment of the Gorbachev administration to allowing Soviet citizens to discuss publicly the problems of their system and potential solutions.

Question 3

Vladimir Putin

Answer 3

a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who is the president of Russia, a position he has filled since 2012, and previously from 2000 until 2008.

Question 4

Solidarity

Answer 4

a Polish non-governmental trade union, was founded on August 14, 1980, at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) by Lech Wałęsa and others. In the early 1980s, it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country.

Question 5

Yugoslav Civil War

Answer 5

a series of separate but related ethnic conflicts, wars of independence, and insurgencies fought in the former Yugoslavia from 1991 to 2001, leading up to and resulting from the breakup of the Yugoslav federation in 1992.

Question 6

Bosnian War/Siege of Sarajevo

Answer 6

a prolonged blockade of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the Bosnian War.

Question 7

ethnic cleansing

Answer 7

the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups.

Question 8

Kosovo War

Answer 8

ethnic Albanians fought ethnic Serbs and the government of Yugoslavia in Kosovo. The conflict gained widespread international attention and was resolved with the intervention of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Question 9

German Reunification

Answer 9

the process in 1990 in which the German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR) became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, BRD) to form the reunited nation of Germany.

Question 10

European Union

Answer 10

international organization comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. Originally confined to western Europe, the EU undertook a robust expansion into central and eastern Europe in the early 21st century.

Question 11

Persian Gulf War

Answer 11

The Persian Gulf War was a war fought between Iraq and a United States-led coalition of United Nations’ forces. The war was a result of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and officially ended after Iraq agreed to a ceasefire in April 1991.

Question 12

Red Army Faction

Answer 12

a terrorist organization that is known to have targeted various government and business entities in Germany in the late 1970s and 1980s. Throughout this period, the group reportedly carried out numerous terrorist activities in Germany.

Question 13

Pan American 103

Answer 13

On December 21, 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 took off from Heathrow Airport in London bound for New York City. Among the 259 passengers and crew were 190 Americans. Explodes in midair over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew members

Question 14

Munich Olympics Terror Attacks

Answer 14

The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, by eight members of the Palestinian terrorist group Black September, who took nine members of the Israeli Olympic team hostage, after killing two more.

Question 15

Irish Republican Army

Answer 15

The Irish Republican Army, also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland.

Question 16

September 11, 2001 Attack

Answer 16

The September 11 attacks were a series of airline hijackings and suicide attacks committed in 2001 by 19 terrorists associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda. It was the deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil; nearly 3,000 people were killed.

Question 17

al-Qaeda

Answer 17

means ‘The Base’, and refers to the training camps in Afghanistan where young Muslim men had been training as part of the Mujahideen forces. Al Qaeda wanted to see the removal of any foreign power from Muslim lands (including countries such as Saudi Arabia).

Question 18

ISIL

Answer 18

also known as ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), is a Sunni jihadist group with a particularly violent ideology that calls itself a caliphate and claims religious authority over all Muslims. It was inspired by al Qaida but later publicly expelled from it.

Question 19

Migration Crisis

Answer 19

Among them are nearly 26 million refugees, around half of whom are under the age of 18. We are dealing with the highest number of forcibly displaced people since World War II, and the root causes are stark: conflict, violence, climate change, poverty, and food insecurity.

Question 20

Pope John Paul II

Answer 20

John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. He travelled abroad extensively in an effort to promote greater understanding between countries and religions, and he campaigned against political oppression, violence, and materialism. He survived an assassination attempt in 1981.

Question 21

Pope Francis I

Answer 21

Francis is the first pope to be a member of the Society of Jesus, the first from the Americas, the first from the Southern Hemisphere, and the first pope from outside Europe since Gregory III, a Syrian who reigned in the 8th century.

Question 22

multiculturalism

Answer 22

the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture.

Question 23

Boris Yeltsin

Answer 23

Russian and Soviet politician who served as the first president of Russia from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1961 to 1990.

Question 24

Slobodan Milosevic

Answer 24

President of Serbia from 1989 until 1997 and then the President of Yugoslavia from 1997 until 2000. He was an important figure in the Bosnian War of the 1990s and was considered to be responsible for some of the atrocities of the Bosnian Genocide.

Question 25

Tony Blair

Answer 25

Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair KG (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.

Question 26

Jacques Chirac

Answer 26

a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007.

Question 27

Nicolas Sarkozy

Answer 27

a French politician who served as President of France from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012.

Question 28

Francois Hollande

Answer 28

French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017.

Question 29

globalization

Answer 29

the technological, political, economic, financial, and cultural exchanges between peoples and nations that have made and continue to make the world a more interconnected and interdependent place.

Question 30

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Answer 30

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), signed on October 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies while preserving significant regulations.

Question 31

World Trade Organization

Answer 31

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.

Question 32

global warming/climate change

Answer 32

Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere.

Question 33

developed nations

Answer 33

a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

Question 34

developing nations

Answer 34

A nation where the average income is much lower than in industrial nations, where the economy relies on a few export crops, and where farming is conducted by primitive methods.

Question 35

Non-Governmental Organizations

Answer 35

Non-governmental organizations, or NGOs, were first called such in Article 71 in the Charter of the newly formed United Nations in 1945. While NGOs have no fixed or formal definition, they are generally defined as nonprofit entities independent of governmental influence

Question 36

Silvio Berlusconi

Answer 36

is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011.

Question 37

George H. W. Bush

Answer 37

an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993.

Question 38

Bill Clinton

Answer 38

an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979.

Question 39

George W. Bush

Answer 39

American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Bush family and son of former president George H. W. Bush, he previously served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 as part of the Republican Party.