CH 23

Question 1

Proletariat

Answer 1

the lowest or one of the lowest economic and social classes in a society.

Question 2

Bourgeoisie

Answer 2

The term bourgeoisie refers to the social order that is dominated by the so-called middle class. In social and political theory, the notion of the bourgeoisie was largely a construct of Karl Marx and of those influenced by him.

Question 3

Trade unions

Answer 3

association of workers in a particular trade, industry, or company created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining.

Question 4

Mutual aid Societies

Answer 4

voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit. Mutual aid projects are a form of political participation in which people take responsibility for caring for one another and changing political conditions.

Question 5

Commercialization of agriculture

Answer 5

the transformation from subsistence production (production for own consumption), to production for sale of surplus products and services.

Question 6

Cult of Domesticity

Answer 6

an idealized set of societal standards placed on women of the late 19th century. Piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity were the mark of femininity during this period.

Question 7

Mass Leisure

Answer 7

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports. Significance - Represented growing secularism, and the decrease of the importance of religion and the church.

Question 8

Consumerism

Answer 8

Consumerism is an economic theory that was first noted in the twentieth century. It is the belief that excessive consumption of goods has a positive effect on the economy and that companies should create goods and services that consumers most desire.

Question 9

Mass marketing

Answer 9

Background. Mass marketing or undifferentiated marketing has its origins in the 1920s with the inception of mass radio use. This gave corporations an opportunity to appeal to a wide variety of potential customers.

Question 10

Anarchism

Answer 10

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful.

Question 11

Government reforms

Answer 11

the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc

Question 12

Monopolies

Answer 12

large companies that controlled the industry or sector they were in with the ability to control the price of the goods and services they provided.

Question 13

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 13

a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production, and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century.

Question 14

Electricity

Answer 14

the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell’s equations.

Question 15

Chemicals

Answer 15

any substance that has a defined composition.

Question 16

Internal Combustion Engine

Answer 16

an engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizer creates gases of high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand.

Question 17

Friedrich Engels

Answer 17

German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman who lived from 1820 to 1895. His collection of work done with Karl Marx laid the groundwork for modern communism.

Question 18

August Bebel

Answer 18

was one of the most influential leaders of German and international socialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century

Question 19

Mikhail Bakunin

Answer 19

Russian revolutionary anarchist, socialist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major founder of the revolutionary socialist and social anarchist tradition.

Question 20

Public housing

Answer 20

public housing is housing stock that is owned by HUD and administered by local PHAs.

Question 21

Conservatives

Answer 21

Conservatism is an aesthetic, cultural, social, and political philosophy, which seeks to promote and to preserve traditional social institutions.

Question 22

British Labour Party

Answer 22

The Labour Party originated in the late 19th century, meeting the demand for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban working class, a demographic which had increased in number, and many of whom only gained suffrage with the passage of the Representation of the People Act 1884.

Question 23

German Social Democrats

Answer 23

The SPD was established in 1863, and is the oldest political party represented in the Bundestag. It was one of the earliest Marxist-influenced parties in the world. From the 1890s through the early 20th century, the SPD was Europe’s largest Marxist party, and the most popular political party in Germany.