CH 23 Flashcards
Proletariat
the lowest or one of the lowest economic and social classes in a society.
Bourgeoisie
The term bourgeoisie refers to the social order that is dominated by the so-called middle class. In social and political theory, the notion of the bourgeoisie was largely a construct of Karl Marx and of those influenced by him.
Trade unions
association of workers in a particular trade, industry, or company created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining.
Mutual aid Societies
voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit. Mutual aid projects are a form of political participation in which people take responsibility for caring for one another and changing political conditions.
Commercialization of agriculture
the transformation from subsistence production (production for own consumption), to production for sale of surplus products and services.
Cult of Domesticity
an idealized set of societal standards placed on women of the late 19th century. Piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity were the mark of femininity during this period.
Mass Leisure
An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports. Significance - Represented growing secularism, and the decrease of the importance of religion and the church.
Consumerism
Consumerism is an economic theory that was first noted in the twentieth century. It is the belief that excessive consumption of goods has a positive effect on the economy and that companies should create goods and services that consumers most desire.
Mass marketing
Background. Mass marketing or undifferentiated marketing has its origins in the 1920s with the inception of mass radio use. This gave corporations an opportunity to appeal to a wide variety of potential customers.
Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful.
Government reforms
the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc
Monopolies
large companies that controlled the industry or sector they were in with the ability to control the price of the goods and services they provided.
Second Industrial Revolution
a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production, and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century.
Electricity
the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell’s equations.
Chemicals
any substance that has a defined composition.
Internal Combustion Engine
an engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizer creates gases of high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand.
Friedrich Engels
German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman who lived from 1820 to 1895. His collection of work done with Karl Marx laid the groundwork for modern communism.
August Bebel
was one of the most influential leaders of German and international socialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century
Mikhail Bakunin
Russian revolutionary anarchist, socialist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and a major founder of the revolutionary socialist and social anarchist tradition.
Public housing
public housing is housing stock that is owned by HUD and administered by local PHAs.
Conservatives
Conservatism is an aesthetic, cultural, social, and political philosophy, which seeks to promote and to preserve traditional social institutions.
British Labour Party
The Labour Party originated in the late 19th century, meeting the demand for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban working class, a demographic which had increased in number, and many of whom only gained suffrage with the passage of the Representation of the People Act 1884.
German Social Democrats
The SPD was established in 1863, and is the oldest political party represented in the Bundestag. It was one of the earliest Marxist-influenced parties in the world. From the 1890s through the early 20th century, the SPD was Europe’s largest Marxist party, and the most popular political party in Germany.
