CH 22 Flashcards
Marxism
Marxism. the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded.
Crimean War
Crimean War. A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other. Russia was defeated and the independence of Turkey was guaranteed.
Italian Unification
The Italian Unification refers to the events that took place between 1848 and 1870 on the Italian Peninsula. The unification, known as the Risorgimento (Resurgence), began in 1848 with an attempt by Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi to unite Italy under Democracy in the wake of the 1848 revolutions.
German Unification
The third and final act of German unification was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, orchestrated by Bismarck to draw the western German states into alliance with the North German Confederation. With the French defeat, the German Empire was proclaimed in January 1871 in the Palace at Versailles, France.
Napoleon III
Napoleon III. Nephew of Emperor Napoleon I. Used Napoleonic legend to win elections in 1848 to become France’s first president under universal suffrage for men. Seized power in 1851 via coup d’ état and became dictator of second French empire. Discards constitution, taking France back to 1791.
Cavour
statesman: a leader in the movement to unify Italy. proper name.
Bismarck
A German family name. Otto von Bismarck, one of the prominent German statesmen of the nineteenth century.
Dual Monarchy/Austria-Hungary
Dual Monarchy. An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria and the Magyars of Hungary to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war. Ems Dispatch.
Realpolitik
Realpolitik. The accomplishing of one’s political goals via practical means, rather than having idealism drive political decision). Crimean War. The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia in 1853 when Nicolas refused to withdraw from the Danubian provinces.
Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi. he organized an army of “red shirts” and conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy; then gave the lands over to Victor Emmanuel II, an action which unified the Italian peninsula.
Bismarckian System of Alliances
Bismarckian Alliance System. Created by Bismarck from 1862 to 1871, made Prussia the most powerful nation in Europe, made to isolate France and isolate threats to peace from Austria-Hungary and Russia. Long-term cause of WWI. Central Powers.
Balkans
Balkan Peninsula. A large peninsula in southern Europe bounded by the Black, Aegean, and Adriatic seas. Jingoism. extreme patriotism; favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy.
Great Powers
. a nation that has exceptional political influence, resources, and military strength.
Realism
he attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.
Materialism
a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values.
Positivism
a philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics and theism.
Zollverein
Zollverein, (German: “Customs Union”) German customs union established in 1834 under Prussian leadership. It created a free-trade area throughout much of Germany and is often seen as an important step in German reunification. … In 1834 these were among the 18 states that joined in the Zollverein.
Louis Napoleon/Napoleon III
Napoleon III was the first President of France from 1848 to 1852 and the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew of Napoleon I, he was the last monarch to rule over France.
Alexander II
Alexander II was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination. Alexander’s most significant reform as emperor was the emancipation of Russia’s serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator.
Camillo di Cavour
Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri, generally known as Cavour, was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement towards Italian unification.
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.
Anesthesia
insensitivity to pain, especially as artificially induced by the administration of gases or the injection of drugs before surgical operations.
Queen Victoria
Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than any previous British monarch.
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world’s best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era.
Karl Heinrich Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, critic of political economy, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at the universities of Bonn and Berlin.
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from common ancestors is now widely accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science.
