Ch. 3: The Human Body: A Nutrition Perspective Flashcards
What are cells?
The basic and sturctural components of life
What does the cell membrane do?
Acts as the “wall” for animal cells. Regulates flow of substances in and out of the cell, and helps communicate with other cells. (“Gatekeeper”)
What is the cell membrane made of?
Phospholibids, proteins, and carbohydrates
What is the cytoplasm of a cell?
It’s the combination of fluid material and organelles within the cell.
What does the cytoplasm do?
It’s the place where chemical processes happen. (“Environment”)
What does the mitochondria do?
Converts energy from nutrients into energy that cells can use. (“Power plant”)
What does the nucleus do?
Stores and protects your DNA for making the substances the cell needs. (“Safe”)
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
Works with RNA to synthesize proteins. Also helps with lipid synthesis, detoxifcation, and and storing calcium. (“Maze”)
What does the golgi complex do?
It packages proteins and lipids for transport outside and inside of the cell. (“Mailroom”)
What do lysosomes do?
They digest worn out or broken cell components. (“Trash rooms”)
What do peroxisomes do?
They detoxify harmful chemicals and help metabolize alcohol. (“Medicine center”)
What is tissue?
When groups of similar cells work together to accomplish a specific task.
What are all of the different types of tissue?
Epethelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
What is an organ?
A complex structure composed of one or multiple types of tissue.
What is a anabolic metabolic reaction?
A reaction in which molecules are joined together to form new, larger products.
What is a catabolic metabolic reaction?
A reaction in which larger materials are broken down into smaller molecules.
Chemical energy in food is used to make _________ __________, which our cells can use to do work.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What is the main purpose of the cardiovascular system?
It facilitates the exhange of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
When nutrients are consumed, they can go to one of two places. What are they?
To cells which in turn, nourish organs, or the hepatic portal circulation, a special part of the cardiovascular system that leads to the liver.
Which nutrients are absorbed through the lymph? Why?
Fats, since they are too large to enter the capillaries in the cardiovascular system.
What is the main function of the kidneys?
To remove waste from the body
What is the main function of the nervous system?
It controls most body functions, and takes corrective action when needed.
What is the main unit of the nervous system?
Neurons
Why are sodium and potassium important for the work of the nervous system?
They help with the electrical impulse among the neuron.
Which nutrient is the brain’s preferred source of energy?
Glucose
What is the major function of the endocrine system?
Using hormones to perform various functions
What are two hormones that regulate appetite?
Leptin and ghrelin
What is the main purpose of the immune system?
To defend the body againsty infection
What’s the difference between nonspecific and specific immunity?
Nonspecific immune defenses act more as a shield (such as the skin), while specific immunity attacks the invading pathogen directly.
What are three nutrients that support the immune system?
Essential fatty acids, protein, and various vitamins
What are the roles of antigens and antibodies in the immune response?
Antibodies attack antigens, which help further prevent illness.
What does the mouth do for the digestive system?
It prepares food for transport through the body by lubricating it and breaking it down into smaller parts.
What does the esophagus do for the digestive system?
It transports the food from the mouth to the stomach without impeading on breathing.
What does the stomach do for the digestive system?
It converts food into chyme, as well as digesting the food a little bit.
What does the small intestine do for the digestive system?
It’s where most of the digestion occurs.
What does the large intestine do for the digestive system?
It finishes off whatever is left to be digested, and finishes off with releasing the feces.
What does the rectum do for the digestive system?
It releases the feces out of the body.
