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Marine Science > Ch 3 Test > Flashcards

Ch 3 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is the transparency of the ocean important to
living organisms?

A

*It heats sea water, warming the surface layers
* It provides energy required by
phytoplankton.
* It is used for navigation by animals near the
surface.

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2
Q

What do water molecules
do to light as it passes
through water?

A

Absorbs and scatters it.

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3
Q

Why is the ocean water
bluish-green?

A

Since blue and green
wavelength are absorbed the
least, they are the most
available to be reflected back.

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4
Q

What is attenuation?

A

A decrease in the intensity of light over distance. The higher the attenuation the murkier the waters

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5
Q

What affects attenuation?

A

Attenuation is due to absorption by pigments and scattering by molecules and particles

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6
Q

Where would water of high attenuation be?

A

Coastal waters. High particle suspension.

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7
Q

Where would water of low attenuation be
found?

A

Open ocean waters

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8
Q

Secchi Dish

A
  • Simple tool used to
    measure attenuation.
    *White disk is lowered
    into the water. When it
    just disappears from
    sight, depth is
    measured.
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9
Q

Coastal waters showing an area of high attenuation.

A

*Reflected subsurface
light is used for
mapping chlorophyll
concentration from
space.

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10
Q

Pressure

A
  • Increases at a rate of about 10 x
    the air pressure at sea level per
    100 meters of depth.
  • Humans can safely dive to about
    130 feet(40 m).
  • Modern submarines dive to only
    about 1950 ft(600 meters.)
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11
Q

Pressure increases at a rate of about 10 x the air pressure at
sea level per 100 meters of depth. Why?

A

As ocean depth increases, so does
pressure. Rate of 1 atm per meter of
depth.

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12
Q

HOV Deepsea Challenger

A

Can with stand pressures of 16,500 pounds per square inch.

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13
Q

Why would gas bladders and lungs shrink or
collapse, as pressure increase in water?

A

*The high pressure.

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14
Q
  • Sound travels faster in water than in air. Speed of sound in salt water
    ______ m/s.
A

1500

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15
Q

why is there is no sound travel in a vacuum tube or in outer space.

A

Sound needs molecules to travel through. In water, molecules
are much closer together than in air.

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16
Q

Which sound travels farther in water, high frequency sound or low
frequency sound?

A

Low frequencies (high frequencies are dissipated
too quickly because of the higher energy). Speed
increases with increased temperature, pressure and
salt content.

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17
Q
  • The distance that sound travels in the ocean varies
    greatly, depending primarily upon water
A

temperature, pressure, and salinity

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18
Q

Temperature

A

– faster in warm than in cold(molecules are moving
faster)

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19
Q

Pressure

A
  • faster in higher pressure than in lower(molecules are
    closer together in high pressure)
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20
Q

Salinity –

A

speed of sound is faster in seawater than freshwater. Speed
of sound in freshwater is 1435m/sec)

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21
Q

How does sound locate objects?

A

Sound is reflected back after striking an object. The time required for
the return of a sent sound signal can be measured.

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22
Q

deep sound channel.

A

The sound speed minimum at a depth of 1000 meters. occurs because of the properties of sound
and the temperature and pressure differences at different depths in
the ocean.

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23
Q

Salinity

A

the ratio of the mass of dissolved substances to
the mass of the water sample

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24
Q

What is the typical salinity of seawater?

A

3.5 %

25
Q

Is it just sodium and chlorine that make up the salinity?

A

No; S, Mg, Ca, K also account for most of the salinity.
(Sodium and chlorine account for about 85 % of the
dissolved solutes.)

26
Q

What unit is salinity typically measured in?

A

(ppt); (‰); Parts per thousand; 35 g of salt per
1000 g of seawater.

27
Q

Modern unit for salinity measurement

A

psu(practical salinity units)
 psu = ppt

28
Q

Salinometer

A

– instrument used to measure
salinity

29
Q

overall salinity of the ocean?

A

35 (‰)

30
Q

River input

A

Areas of lower surface salinities

31
Q

Deep sea vents

A

Higher salinity

32
Q

Seasonal variation

A

– lower surface salinity in the rainy
months or when river runoff is high (due to melting
snow and ice). Higher salinity, due to evaporation in
the dry, warmer months.

33
Q

Sea ice formation

A

when seawater freezes, dissolved
ions cannot fit in the ice’s crystalline structure.
Unfrozen seawater is left behind that has a higher
salinity.

34
Q

Sea ice melting

A

lowers salinity (ice is fresh water)

35
Q

Brackish water

A

about 10‰ (or 1%). Found in areas where freshwater and saltwater mix. Ex. Rivers flowing into the sea.

36
Q

Hypersaline water(brine)

A

excessive amount of
salts found in seas (or inland lakes)that are in warm climates with
not a lot of incoming circulation from the ocean.
Ex. Red Sea

37
Q

Does fresh water have salinity?

A

Yes, just not pure
water. Tap water has low salinities of 0.8(‰) to 0.3(‰).

38
Q

How does an increase in salinity influence water’s
density?

A

As salinity increase so does the density.

39
Q

How does an increase in temperature influence water’s
density? A decrease?

A

Increase temperature, decrease in
density. As water molecule movement increase due to
an increase in temperature, the volume expands
causing a decrease in density.

40
Q

How does an increase in pressure influence water’s
density? A decrease?

A

As pressure increases so does density. More
molecules per square meter.

41
Q

What are the most important elements for the organisms

A

oxygen and
carbon dioxide, and
nitrogen

42
Q

What is the main source of oxygen in
the oceans?

A

Phytoplankton

43
Q

How is carbon dioxide produced in the ocean?

A

Respiration & decomposition

44
Q

Where are more dissolved gases found, based on
latitude, and why?

A

More dissolved gases are found in the higher latitudes.
Gases dissolve better in cold water that in warm. As
temperature decreases so does the kinetic energy of the
gas molecules. Less gas expands and rises so less escapes
from the body of water.

45
Q

The carbon that is found in organic molecules is part
of the _______molecule in the atmosphere. Hint:
animals produce it during respiration.

A

CO2

46
Q

What process converts this inorganic molecule into an
organic molecule? ___________________Hint:
plants/phytoplankton.

A

photosynthesis

47
Q

Why is the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase such a cause of concern?

A

While the pH of the ocean is still basic, it is more acidic than
it used to be. Since the pH scale is logarithmic, this means
that the oceans are 30% more acidic now than they were in
pre-Industrial times.

48
Q

Which organisms are most at risk from ocean acidification and
why?

A

Organisms such as coral, mussels, and clams use carbonate ions
and calcium to make their shells or skeletons.

49
Q

If there were no scattering and only absorption of light by seawater, what color would the
oceans appear? Explain your answer.

A

If there were no scattering and only total absorption of light the oceans would appear black because no
light would be return to the observer’s eye. Remember: oceans appear bluish-green because that is the color least absorbed and returned to the eye.

50
Q

Explain how light and sound in seawater are affected by changes in the water’s density.

A

Since sound needs a medium to travel through, sound speed is increases with increases in
salinity. The more particle to travel through, the faster sound travels.
The speed of light is decreases with increased salinity. Light is absorbed and scattered by water molecules. The increase in particles in the water causes an increase in scattering.

51
Q

What does a Secchi disk measure?

A

A Secchi disk measures the transparency of water by use of a white disk(or white and black disk)
that is lowered by a line into the water to a depth that it just disappears from view.

52
Q

How does hydrogen bonding produce the surface tension phenomenon of water?

A

At the surface between air and water, water molecules arrange themselves in an ordered
system, hydrogen-bonded to each other laterally and to the water molecules beneath. This
arrangement creates a weak elastic membrane

53
Q

What happens to the arrangement of water molecules when water freezes?

A

When water freezes, additional hydrogen bonds are formed between each molecule and the
molecules become arranged in a fixed lattice. This lattice contributes to the larger volume water has
solid ice than it has in it liquid phase.

54
Q

Why does the addition of rain and river water to the oceans not decrease the ocean’s overall
salinity?

A

Rain, river water, and sea ice melting can all contributed to the decrease in the overall salinity of the
ocean there are other processes that increase the salinity of the oceans. Evaporation, sea ice
formation, and deep sea vents/volcanoes. Input = output

55
Q

Explain the relationship between carbon dioxide and the pH of the oceans. Why is the buffering
of seawater important?

A

Carbon dioxide gas dissolves in seawater to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid dissociates in
seawater to form bicarbonate, HCO3- , and H+, and then H+ and CO32-. The addition of the hydronium ion (H+
), increase the acidity of seawater and thus lowers the pH. Buffering is important because
biological systems cannot survive wide swings in pH. Examples: a lower pH causes calcium
carbonate to dissolve more easily. Many organisms that have shells and skeletons and have trouble
making these structures if less calcium carbonate is available. Also, a lower pH can affect marine
organisms by suppressing their immune systems, interfering with metabolic rates, and disrupting
their internal chemical balance.

56
Q

How does the salinity of mid-ocean surface water change with latitude? What atmospheric
processes produce these changes?

A

Mid-ocean surface salinity is lower than average at the equator due to high precipitation. North
and South of the equator at around 30 °N and 30 °S there are zones of high evaporation that
elevates the surface salinity and at 60 °N and 60 °S zones of high precipitation that lower
salinity. In the polar regions, where precipitation is high, salinity is low. Also, in the polar region
there is seasonal change. High surface salinity is produced during sea ice formation(salt does not
fit in the crystalline structure of ice and remains in the water). Low salinity is produced during
sea ice melting.`

57
Q

Why does seawater have a lower freezing point and a higher boiling point than freshwater?`

A

The presence of salt makes it harder for water molecules to bond to form ice, because salt
cannot fit in the ice’s crystalline structure.

58
Q

. Why does deep-water contain more dissolved carbon dioxide than surface water?

A

Deep water is colder than surface water and cold water holds more gas. As temperature
decreases as depth increases, gas will become more dense and sink. Also, at the surface
photosynthesis takes place, removing some of the CO2 in the water. In the deeper ocean,
photosynthesis does not occur (no light) but respiration continues by the animals that live in the
deep ocean.

59
Q

Why is there a smaller temperature difference between day and night ocean surface
temperatures compared to day and night land surface temperatures?

A

Due to water’s high heat capacity, the ocean does not experience large variation of surface
temperature. Land has a smaller heat capacity than water which allows land to gain and lose
heat more rapidly than water.

Marine Science (6 decks)

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