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Marine Science > Ch 2.1-2.2 Test > Flashcards

Ch 2.1-2.2 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

density

A

mass of a given volume of substance

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2
Q

Do higher temperatures increase or decrease density?

A

decrease

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3
Q

Earth is ___% water and ____% land

A

70, 30

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4
Q

The largest deepest ocean

A

Pacific Ocean

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5
Q

Half the size of the largest ocean, relatively small

A

Atlantic Ocean

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6
Q

mostly in the Southern Hemisphere

A

Indian ocean

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7
Q

Permanent layer of sea ice, very small compared to the other oceans

A

Artic Ocean

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8
Q

Defined as a meeting of currents

A

Southern/Antarctic Ocean

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9
Q

What are major differences between a sea and a ocean?

A
  • the sea is smaller and shallower than the ocean
  • sea is composed of saltwater
  • sea is somewhat enclosed by water
  • sea is directly connected to world oceans
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10
Q

The deepest depth in the world and oceans?

A

Mariana Trench

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11
Q

How many feet below sea level is the Mariana trench?

A

11,022 meters; 36,161 feet

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12
Q

Who were the first two people to dive to the Mariana Trench? What was the name of the submarine they used?

A

Lt. Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard; Trieste

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13
Q

What year did the first two people dive to the Mariana Trench?

A

1960

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14
Q

What year did the famous filmmaker James Cameron make his solo dive to the Mariana Trench? What was the name of his submarine

A

2012; Deepsea Challenger

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15
Q

What is the tallest mountain on Earth from base to top? How many total feet?

A

Maunakea; 9,632 meters

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16
Q

Where is he Maunakea mountain located?

A

Hawaii

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17
Q

Which is greater the deepest depth or the tallest mountain?

A

the deepest depth

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18
Q

marine habit

A

the natural habitat where marine organisms live.

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19
Q

Why do geological processes have an influence on marine habitats?

A

geological processes sculpt the shoreline, determine water depth, and create new islands and underwater mountains.

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20
Q

When the young Earth was molten, where did the densest material flow? Where did the lighter materials flow

A

The densest material flowed toward the center of the planet. Lighter materials flowed to the surface.

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21
Q

Inner core

A

center of the earth, solid, iron

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22
Q

Outer Core

A

center of the earth, outer layer of the core, liquid, iron and nickel

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23
Q

mantle

A

very hot, flows like a liquid, middle of the earth between the core and the crust

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24
Q

crust

A

outermost layer, thin, ridgid skin

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25
Q

Why do the continents float on the mantle?

A

Continents float on the mantle because continental crusts are composed of the same low density material

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26
Q

The oceanic crust is composed of

A

basalt

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27
Q

the continental crust is composed of

A

granite

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28
Q

Density of oceanic crust

A

3.0 g/cm^3

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29
Q

Density of continental crust

A

2.7 g/cm^3

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30
Q

Thickness of oceanic crust

A

5 km

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31
Q

Thickness of continental crust

A

20 to 50 km

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32
Q

Geological age of oceanic crust

A

young

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33
Q

Geological age of continental crust

A

old

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34
Q

color of oceanic crust

A

dark

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35
Q

color of continental crust

A

light

36
Q

Main materials in Oceanic Crust

A

iron and magnesium

37
Q

Main materials in Continental Crust

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, and aluminim

38
Q

lithosphere

A

the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

39
Q

the lithosphere is found in ___ major plates. These plates are mobile and move.

A

7

40
Q

mid ocean ridges

A
  • Mountain ranges of the
    deep. Volcanic in origin, only rises above sea
    level in a few places (Iceland).
41
Q

faults

A

Displacement of a ridge to one side or the other. Earthquakes are common here.

42
Q

trenches

A

narrow, steep sided, and
deep. Common in the Pacific basin

43
Q

What are earthquakes
associated with?

A

Plate boundaries.

44
Q

What are volcanoes associated with?

A

trenches

45
Q

Age of Ocean Floor(seafloor rock) Core samples:

A

sediment by the ridge/rises are
younger and thin. By the trenches, the
sediment is older and thick.

46
Q

Radiometric dating:

A

land rocks old and ocean
rocks relatively new.

47
Q

The age of seafloor rock and the layer of sediment, both ___ (increase, decrease) the farther distance from the ridge

A

increase

48
Q

Lava and magma are high in ______

A

magnetite

49
Q

What is thought to be the cause of
the magnetic reversals?

A

Changes in the motion of material in the ironrich outer core of the Earth

50
Q

How are the magnetic striped
formed?

A

These magnetic particles will align in a direction parallel to the existing magnetic field at the time since they are fluid and have movement. Then at a certain temperature(~580 °C) they become “frozen” in that particular position; not changing their
direction.

51
Q

Basalt

A

the rock type of oceanic crust
has very high concentrations of magnetite.

52
Q

Each time the earth reversed its magnetic field, it was recorded in the _____ (0ceanic, continental) crust.

A

oceanic

53
Q
  • Rifts –
A

– large cracks in the seafloor caused by
the separation of ocean crust. Occurs at midoceans ridges

54
Q
  • What is sea-floor spreading?
A

Lateral movement of oceanic lithosphere. New seafloor is created here.

55
Q

How does sea-floor spreading work?

A

Magma reaches the surface at a spreading center (rift valley, center of the ridge/rise), cools and solidifies to become new crust.
* Crust moves laterally as the lithosphere is carried on the low-density molten material of
the asthenosphere.
* Eventually this crust is recycled back into the mantle at a trench location.

56
Q

Spreading center

A

ridges are also called
spreading centers.

57
Q

What are the “plates” of plate tectonics composed of?

A

Lithosphere

58
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The “plastic”
layer of the mantle. Denser and has a fluid-like
behavior.

59
Q

How does plate separation
occur?

A

Through convection cells

60
Q

Convection Cells:

A

Currents of low-density
molten material (magma) in
the asthenosphere rising up
to the lithosphere, running
along underneath it, then
cooling and sinking back
down.

61
Q

How fast do plates separate?

A

2 to 18 cm per year, depending on location.

62
Q

Where is old lithosphere destroyed, or “recycled”
back to the mantel?

A

At deep-ocean trenches

63
Q

Why do earthquakes and volcanoes form at these
locations?

A

Large slabs of lithosphere are colliding, with one sinking
below another. This movement causes earthquakes and as the
sinking plate begins to melt in the much hotter mantle, the
molten material, which is less dense, rises to form volcanoes on
the Earth’s surface.

64
Q

What two types of plate collisions can produce a trench?

A

Oceanic to oceanic & oceanic to continental

65
Q

Why does an oceanic plate always subduct beneath a continental
plate?

A

It is more dense; basalt(oceanic) is denser that granite(continental).

66
Q

Why is continental rock so much older than oceanic?

A

Due to it being less dense than oceanic, it does not get recycled back
into the mantel.

67
Q

What forms when an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental
plate?

A

Trenches and volcanic continental arcs(volcanic mountain ranges that
form on the continental plate).

68
Q

What forms when an oceanic
plate subducts beneath another
oceanic plate?

A

Trenches and volcanic island
arcs(a system of volcanic island
that forms above the nonsubducting plate).
* Ex. Islands arcs systems such as
the Aleutian Islands or the
Philippines.

69
Q

Which plate subducts in oceanic
to oceanic?

A

The older plate. Higher density
due to a longer accumulation of
sediment.

70
Q

Why is a trench NOT formed when two
continental plates collide?

A

Neither plate subducts due to
similar densities.

71
Q

What geological feature is formed when two continetal plates collide?

A

Uplifting of a mountain range is
created. Crust rises.

72
Q

Can two continental plates collision form a volcano?

A

No, no subduction

73
Q

Describe a shear/transform boundary

A

Transform boundaries occur
when there is a horizontal
sliding along two plate
boundaries.

74
Q

How do shear/transform boundary differ from separating and
colliding boundaries?

A

Material is neither created(as at
divergent, separating boundaries)
or destroyed(as at colliding
boundaries)

75
Q

Are transform/shear boundaries found in oceans?

A

Transform plate boundaries are
also found in the oceans. They
divide mid-ocean ridges into
segments.

76
Q

Why do earthquakes occur at shear
boundaries?

A

Earthquakes caused by the
plates sliding past each other.

77
Q

What type of boundary is the least intense earthquake?

A

divergent

78
Q

What type of boundary is the most intense earthquake?

A

– convergent boundaries where subduction occurs and sometimes transform/shear

79
Q

Slab Pull Theory

A

Plates separate at mid-ocean ridges. Magma rises at these ridges,
cools becoming denser. Eventually this cold, dense lithosphere sinks
back into the mantle, pulling the slab of lithosphere

80
Q

The western coast of North America is a classic example of ______.

A

transform/shear boundary

81
Q

Which distinctive feature is found at a subduction zone?

A

ocean trenches, volcanos, and mountains

82
Q

The transform plate boundary divides two plates that are moving in the ______ direction

A

opposite

83
Q

oceanic to continental creates

A

trenches, volcanic mountain ranges

84
Q

oceanic to oceanic creates

A

trenches and volcanic islands

85
Q

continental to continental creates

A

mountain ranges

Marine Science (6 decks)

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