Ch 3: Review Wksht

Question 1

What are the 4 basic parts of all living cells?

Answer 1

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, inclusion

Question 2

Why are inclusions considered a basic part of all cells?

Answer 2

all cells have different chemicals

Question 3

What is the chemistry of the plasma membrane? (all parts making the membrane)

Answer 3

-bilayer of phospholipid molecules
-embedded proteins
-some carbohydrates, cholesterols, glycolipids

Question 4

What purpose do peripheral proteins serve to a cell?

Answer 4

“cellular adhesion molecules”: allow certain cells to touch or bind

Question 5

What 3 things are found as part of the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

cytosol, organelles, inclusions

Question 6

What is the composition of the cytosol?

Answer 6

75-90% water and solid components (proteins, carbs, lipids, inorganic substances)

Question 7

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 7

assemble amino acids to form protein chains

Question 8

What characteristics are exhibited by mitochondria that are different from other organelles?

Answer 8

-has the ability to divide (so it can multiply)
-contain their own DNA
-has double-layer membrane -> inner layer forms folds known as cristae

Question 9

What are the functions of lysosomes?

Answer 9

contains enzymes to dismantle debris (“recycling center”)

Question 10

What biochemical reactions are peroxisomes involved in?

Answer 10

-forming bile salts
-breakdown large lipid chains
-breakdown rare biochemicals

Question 11

How are flagella and cilia functionally different?

Answer 11

cilia= move particles away from the cells, as well as anchor the cell
flagella= move the actual cell itself

Question 12

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 12

assembles ribosomes

Question 13

How are the following different: chromosomes, chromatids, and chromatin?

Answer 13

Chromosome: thickened rods of chromatin (pair of chromatids= 1 chromosome)
Chromatid: a singular rod of chromatin
Chromatin: loosely coiled fibers in the nuclear field

Question 14

What are “nutrients”?

Answer 14

the molecules your body is continually breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking apart again

Question 15

Why are metabolic processes important to cells?

Answer 15

they are the biochemical reactions going on in our body

Question 16

What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?

Answer 16

catobolic: large molecules are broken down
anabolic: large molecules are constructed from smaller ones

Question 17

What are “enzymes”?

Answer 17

type of protein that controls rate of reaction

Question 18

What is the equation for the formation of cellular energy?

Answer 18

ATP <-> ADP + PO4^3- + Energy

Question 19

Why is DNA so important to cells?

Answer 19

contains code for proteins

Question 20

Describe the electrochemical gradient and where is it found?

Answer 20

found in the membrane of a cell, it maintains an electrical (abt charge) and chemical (abt chemicals) gradient between the inside and outside of the cell membrane

Question 21

What is the compositional difference between the ECF and the ICF?

Answer 21

ECF: mainly Na+ and Cl-
ICF: mainly K+, PO4^3-, and proteins

Question 22

What are 3 factors that affect selective permeability?

Answer 22

-lipid solubility: substances dissolved in lipids easily
-size: large molecules cannot pass through easily or at all
-charge: charged molecules cannot pass easily

Question 23

What does it mean to say a nutrient of the body is “essential?”

Answer 23

you need to have that nutrient for your body to stay near homeostasis

Question 24

How do passive and active transport processes differ?

Answer 24

passive: movement with the gradient (“downhill”)
active: movement against the gradient (“uphill”)

Question 25

What are the types of passive transport?

Answer 25

diffusion: liquid or gas (high to low conc.)
osmosis: water (high to low conc.)
facilitated diffusion: diffusion aided by membrane proteins
filtration: forced movement through a membrane based on pressure

Question 26

How does a hypotonic solution differ from a hypertonic solution?

Answer 26

hyper: solution with a higher osmotic pressure that body fluids (high solutes, low H2O)
hypo: solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids (low solutes and high H2O)

Question 27

Why do organelles sometimes have a double layer membrane?

Answer 27

they have a double layer membrane because it does complex chemical reactions

Question 28

What things make up the nutrients of the body?

Answer 28

64% water
16% proteins
16% fats
4% minerals
1% carbohydrates

Question 29

Why do we talk about proteins soooooo much?

Answer 29

proteins make up many of the structures and chemicals of the body