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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch 3: Note Sheet 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3: Note Sheet 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

typically the most central portion of a cell
contains genetic material (DNA) of a cell

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2
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

double-layer with large pores (holes)
channels consisting of 100 different protein channels

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

condensed central part that is composed of proteins and RNA
Assembles ribosomes

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

loosely coiled fibers in the nuclear fluid
DNA molecules wrapped around protein clusters (histones)

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

thickened rods of chromatin

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6
Q

Nutrients

A

the molecules your body is continually breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking apart again

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7
Q

Body Composition

A

64% water
16% proteins
16% fats
4% minerals (positively charged parts
1% carbohydrates

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Long units of simple sugars (glucose
Major source of ATP
ring structures

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9
Q

Fats

A

Long carbon chains called “fatty acids”
used as storage of energy, making structures, steroids
essential fatty acids: must be ingested

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10
Q

Proteins

A

makes up many of the structures and chemicals of the body
most complex structures
brings Nitrogen into the body
made of Amino Acids that are linked by peptide bonds

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11
Q

Minerals

A

Vitamins: A,B,C,D,E,K
Ions (iron, salt, potassium, calcium)

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

Describes every single biochemical reaction going on in the body

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13
Q

Enzyme

A

type of protein that controls rate of reaction (typically ends is -ase)

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy

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15
Q

Hydrolysis

A

process where water is used to break down carbs, lipids, and proteins

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16
Q

Anabolism

A

larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, requiring energy input
required for cellular growth and repair

17
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

releases energy from molecules, like glucose, and makes it available for cellular use

18
Q

ATP

A

intracellular carrier of chemical energy

19
Q

ATP equation

A

ATP <–> ADP + PO4^3- +energy

20
Q

Steps to get energy

A

Glycolysis (2 ATP) -> Kreb Cycle (1 ATP) -> Electron Transport Chain (33 ATP)

21
Q

DNA

A

contains code for proteins
double helix
made of nucleotides

22
Q

Nucleotides

A

a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

23
Q

The 4 nitrogen bases

A

A= Adenine
T= Thymine
C= Cytosine
G= Guanine

24
Q

mRNA

A

Dna is the template
carries code to ribosomes

25
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA
located in the ribosomes

26
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA
picks up amino acids and has anti-codon

27
Q

Anti-codon

A

determines which amino acid is picked up in tRNA

28
Q

General protein synthesis equation

A

DNA–>mRNA–>Protein
^ ^
transcription translation

29
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

membrane maintains an electrical (abt charge) and chemical (abt chemicals) gradient between the inside and outside of the cell membrane

30
Q

Chemical Gradient

A

membrane maintains different chemical compositions between the cytosol and the ECF

31
Q

ECF

A

mainly Na+ and Cl-

32
Q

Cytosol

A

mainly K+ and PO4^3- and proteins

33
Q

Electrical Gradient

A

present because the inside of the cell surface is more negative than the outside of the cell

34
Q

Membrane Potential

A

voltage due to the separation of + and - ions
the separation only occurs near the cell membrane

35
Q

Selective permeability of substances is dependent on…

A

lipid solubility, size, charge, and presence of channels and transporters

36
Q

Lipid Solubility

A

substances dissolved in lipids pass easily

37
Q

Size

A

large molecules cannot pass through easily or at all

38
Q

Charge

A

charged molecules cannot pass easily

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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