Ch 3: Note Sheet 3

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

typically the most central portion of a cell
contains genetic material (DNA) of a cell

Question 2

Nuclear membrane

Answer 2

double-layer with large pores (holes)
channels consisting of 100 different protein channels

Question 3

Nucleolus

Answer 3

condensed central part that is composed of proteins and RNA
Assembles ribosomes

Question 4

Chromatin

Answer 4

loosely coiled fibers in the nuclear fluid
DNA molecules wrapped around protein clusters (histones)

Question 5

Chromosome

Answer 5

thickened rods of chromatin

Question 6

Nutrients

Answer 6

the molecules your body is continually breaking up, rebuilding, and breaking apart again

Question 7

Body Composition

Answer 7

64% water
16% proteins
16% fats
4% minerals (positively charged parts
1% carbohydrates

Question 8

Carbohydrates

Answer 8

Long units of simple sugars (glucose
Major source of ATP
ring structures

Question 9

Fats

Answer 9

Long carbon chains called “fatty acids”
used as storage of energy, making structures, steroids
essential fatty acids: must be ingested

Question 10

Proteins

Answer 10

makes up many of the structures and chemicals of the body
most complex structures
brings Nitrogen into the body
made of Amino Acids that are linked by peptide bonds

Question 11

Minerals

Answer 11

Vitamins: A,B,C,D,E,K
Ions (iron, salt, potassium, calcium)

Question 12

Metabolism

Answer 12

Describes every single biochemical reaction going on in the body

Question 13

Enzyme

Answer 13

type of protein that controls rate of reaction (typically ends is -ase)

Question 14

Catabolism

Answer 14

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy

Question 15

Hydrolysis

Answer 15

process where water is used to break down carbs, lipids, and proteins

Question 16

Anabolism

Answer 16

larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones, requiring energy input
required for cellular growth and repair

Question 17

Cellular Respiration

Answer 17

releases energy from molecules, like glucose, and makes it available for cellular use

Question 18

ATP

Answer 18

intracellular carrier of chemical energy

Question 19

ATP equation

Answer 19

ATP <–> ADP + PO4^3- +energy

Question 20

Steps to get energy

Answer 20

Glycolysis (2 ATP) -> Kreb Cycle (1 ATP) -> Electron Transport Chain (33 ATP)

Question 21

DNA

Answer 21

contains code for proteins
double helix
made of nucleotides

Question 22

Nucleotides

Answer 22

a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

Question 23

The 4 nitrogen bases

Answer 23

A= Adenine
T= Thymine
C= Cytosine
G= Guanine

Question 24

mRNA

Answer 24

Dna is the template
carries code to ribosomes

Question 25

rRNA

Answer 25

ribosomal RNA located in the ribosomes

Question 26

tRNA

Answer 26

transfer RNA picks up amino acids and has anti-codon

Question 27

Anti-codon

Answer 27

determines which amino acid is picked up in tRNA

Question 28

General protein synthesis equation

Answer 28

DNA-->mRNA-->Protein ^ ^ transcription translation

Question 29

Electrochemical Gradient

Answer 29

membrane maintains an electrical (abt charge) and chemical (abt chemicals) gradient between the inside and outside of the cell membrane

Question 30

Chemical Gradient

Answer 30

membrane maintains different chemical compositions between the cytosol and the ECF

Question 31

ECF

Answer 31

mainly Na+ and Cl-

Question 32

Cytosol

Answer 32

mainly K+ and PO4^3- and proteins

Question 33

Electrical Gradient

Answer 33

present because the inside of the cell surface is more negative than the outside of the cell

Question 34

Membrane Potential

Answer 34

voltage due to the separation of + and - ions the separation only occurs near the cell membrane

Question 35

Selective permeability of substances is dependent on...

Answer 35

lipid solubility, size, charge, and presence of channels and transporters

Question 36

Lipid Solubility

Answer 36

substances dissolved in lipids pass easily

Question 37

Size

Answer 37

large molecules cannot pass through easily or at all

Question 38

Charge

Answer 38

charged molecules cannot pass easily