Ch 3: Cellular Aging and Injury Flashcards
The structural and functional changes in the body caused by disease or trauma
Pathology
Mitochondrial DNA are the prime target for what types of changes?
Age-related
Various components of cells (mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane) are subject to changes caused by?
Aging
What happens when something alters the information content of cell?
Causes changes in function and affect the ability of the cell to maintain homeostasis.
What do age-associated deterioration in cells lead to?
Tissue and organ deficiencies and expression of aging or disease
An aging pigment granule found in high concentrations in the old cells
Lipofuscin
The decline in function of organs that are composed of cells that cannot regenerate (heart and brain)
Wear and Tear Theory
Aging is a genetically predetermined process and no regeneration will occur once you reach a certain age
Wear and Tear Theory
Most popular and widely tested cellular aging theory
Free Radical Theory
The wide presence of free radicals causing DNA damage and cellular oxidative stress
Free Radical Theory
The cellular aging theory that is based on chemical nature
Free Radical Theory
What are the structures at the end of chromosomes?
Telomeres
When normal cells stop dividing and eventually enter a viable nondividing state
Senescence
molecular mechanisms where the telomere acts as clock signaling the onset of cell senescence where they stop regenerating
Telomere aging clock theory
Declines with age and pathologic processes (atherosclerosis) results in increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular injuries or death
Resistance to infection
Acts an anticancer mechanisms to control the potential for cellular proliferation
Cell Senescence
What type of injury is produced by stressors leads to sublethal alterations of the affected cells?
Mild Injury
What type of injury leads to lethal alterations?
Moderate/Severe injury
What process is responsible for the removal of injurious agent, removal or cellular debris, and the initiation of the healing process?
Inflammatory process
What process occurs to allow restoration of structure and function whenever possible?
Healing process
To achieve complete restoration of function, what must occur to the damaged tissue?
Restoration
What type of tissue helps maintain structural integrity but has none of the functional properties of original cells and tissues?
Nonfunctional connective tissue (fibrosis or scar tissue)
What are the mechanisms of cell injury?
Ischemia, infectious agents, immune reactions, genetic factors, nutritional factors, physical factors, and chemical factors
Occurs when the blood flow is insufficient to maintain cell homeostasis and metabolic function
Ischemia
What is caused by a reduction in flow or an increase in metabolism of the tissue beyond the capability of the arterial vascular system?
Ischemia
Partial reduction in oxygen delivery to tissues
Hypoxia
Total reduction in oxygen delivery to tissues
Anoxia
What results on a critical reduction in oxygen delivery to tissue (hypoxia, anoxia), decreased delivery nutrients, and decreased removal of waste products from the tissue?
Insufficient blood flow
What may occur under various circumstances caused by illness (pneumonia, anemia), trauma (suffocation or drowning), or accident (carbon monoxide poisoning)?
Hypoxia, Anoixa
Another name for Clot?
Thrombus
What can result in myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke due to a thrombus?
Ischemia
What mechanism of cell tissue injury is considered a lack of blood flow (supply)?
Ischemia
What can infectious diseases cause?
Cell injury or death
Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi, rickettsiae, protozoa, prions, and helminths are considered?
Infectious diseases
What infectious diseases are responsible for vast majority of infections?
Bacteria and viral agents
What infectious diseases cause cell injury primarily by invading tissue and releasing exotoxins and endotoxins that can cause cell lysis or death and degradation of extracellular matrix and aid in the spread of infection?
Bacterial infections
Toxins that are released by organisms (tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism)
Exotoxins
When microorganisms or their toxins are present in the blood thus throughout the entire body
Sepsis
What infectious disease kills by one of two mechanisms and are the consequence of complete redirection of cell’s biosynthesis toward viral replication?
Viruses
What type of virus usually is found with RNA viruses and kills from within by disturbing various cellular processes or by disrupting the integrity of nucleus and/or plasma membrane?
Direct cytopathic effect viruses
What type of virus has DNA-type viruses killing cells by integrating themselves into the cellular genome?
Indirect cytopathic effect viruses
What type of virus encodes the production of foreign proteins, which are exposed on the cell surface and recognized by the body’s immune cells?
Indirect cytopathic effect viruses
What type of virus has virally encoded proteins becoming inserted into the plasma membrane of the host cell (forming a channel) and altering the permeability of the cell membrane to the ions resulting loss of the ionic barrier leading to cell swelling and death?
Direct cytopathic effect viruses
What types of cells recognize virally encoded proteins inserted into the plasma membrane of host cells and attack and destroy the infected cells?
Immunocompetent cells (T lymphocyte)
What occurs when the immune system is compromised or if the number of invading microorganisms overwhelms the immune system?
Disease (and symptoms of illness)
Runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing are what type of immune reactions?
Mild
Asthma (severe hypoxia caused asthmatic bronchoconstriction) is what type of immune reactions?
Moderate
Anaphylaxis is what type of immune reaction?
Severe
A whole body allergic reaction
Anaphylaxis
What type of mechanism of cell tissue injury involves hypersensitivities from mild allergies to severe life threatening anaphylactic reactions?
Immune reactions
A chronic inflammatory reaction
Granuloma
What are the 3 primary means of genetic factors?
-Alterations in the structure of number of chromosomes that produce multiple abnormalities; single mutations of genes that cause changes in the amount of functions of proteins; multiple gene mutations that interact with environmental factors that cause multifactorial disorders
What is an example of the genetic factor: alteration of the structure of number of chromosomes that produce multiple abnormalities?
Trisomy 13 (Down syndrome)
What is an example of the genetic factor: single mutations of genes that cause changes in the amount of functions of proteins?
Sickle cell anemia
What can these genetic alterations cause?
-Severe and cause death in utero; congenital malformations; manifest in adulthood (Huntington’s Disease)
What is an example of the genetic factor: multiple gene mutations that interact with the environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders?
Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes
Imbalances in essential nutrients lead to?
Cell death
What is essential for the healing processes after cell injury and the replacement of cells lost through normal turnover?
Cell replication
Synthesis of _____ is required to replace cell proteins lost through normal catabolism through growth and in preparation for cell replication
Proteins
Consequence of protein malnutrition is a condition called
Kwashiorkor
Form of malnutrition; a consequence of generalized dietary deficiency
Maramus
What type of deficiency causes anemia?
Iron
What can occur with an excessive amount of iron in the tissues?
Cause damage by formation of free radicals
