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PTA 260 (Pathology) > Ch 3: Cellular Aging and Injury > Flashcards

Ch 3: Cellular Aging and Injury Flashcards

1
Q

The structural and functional changes in the body caused by disease or trauma

A

Pathology

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2
Q

Mitochondrial DNA are the prime target for what types of changes?

A

Age-related

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3
Q

Various components of cells (mitochondria, ribosomes, cell membrane) are subject to changes caused by?

A

Aging

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4
Q

What happens when something alters the information content of cell?

A

Causes changes in function and affect the ability of the cell to maintain homeostasis.

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5
Q

What do age-associated deterioration in cells lead to?

A

Tissue and organ deficiencies and expression of aging or disease

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6
Q

An aging pigment granule found in high concentrations in the old cells

A

Lipofuscin

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7
Q

The decline in function of organs that are composed of cells that cannot regenerate (heart and brain)

A

Wear and Tear Theory

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8
Q

Aging is a genetically predetermined process and no regeneration will occur once you reach a certain age

A

Wear and Tear Theory

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9
Q

Most popular and widely tested cellular aging theory

A

Free Radical Theory

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10
Q

The wide presence of free radicals causing DNA damage and cellular oxidative stress

A

Free Radical Theory

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11
Q

The cellular aging theory that is based on chemical nature

A

Free Radical Theory

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12
Q

What are the structures at the end of chromosomes?

A

Telomeres

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13
Q

When normal cells stop dividing and eventually enter a viable nondividing state

A

Senescence

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14
Q

molecular mechanisms where the telomere acts as clock signaling the onset of cell senescence where they stop regenerating

A

Telomere aging clock theory

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15
Q

Declines with age and pathologic processes (atherosclerosis) results in increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular injuries or death

A

Resistance to infection

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16
Q

Acts an anticancer mechanisms to control the potential for cellular proliferation

A

Cell Senescence

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17
Q

What type of injury is produced by stressors leads to sublethal alterations of the affected cells?

A

Mild Injury

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18
Q

What type of injury leads to lethal alterations?

A

Moderate/Severe injury

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19
Q

What process is responsible for the removal of injurious agent, removal or cellular debris, and the initiation of the healing process?

A

Inflammatory process

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20
Q

What process occurs to allow restoration of structure and function whenever possible?

A

Healing process

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21
Q

To achieve complete restoration of function, what must occur to the damaged tissue?

A

Restoration

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22
Q

What type of tissue helps maintain structural integrity but has none of the functional properties of original cells and tissues?

A

Nonfunctional connective tissue (fibrosis or scar tissue)

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23
Q

What are the mechanisms of cell injury?

A

Ischemia, infectious agents, immune reactions, genetic factors, nutritional factors, physical factors, and chemical factors

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24
Q

Occurs when the blood flow is insufficient to maintain cell homeostasis and metabolic function

A

Ischemia

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25
Q

What is caused by a reduction in flow or an increase in metabolism of the tissue beyond the capability of the arterial vascular system?

A

Ischemia

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26
Q

Partial reduction in oxygen delivery to tissues

A

Hypoxia

27
Q

Total reduction in oxygen delivery to tissues

A

Anoxia

28
Q

What results on a critical reduction in oxygen delivery to tissue (hypoxia, anoxia), decreased delivery nutrients, and decreased removal of waste products from the tissue?

A

Insufficient blood flow

29
Q

What may occur under various circumstances caused by illness (pneumonia, anemia), trauma (suffocation or drowning), or accident (carbon monoxide poisoning)?

A

Hypoxia, Anoixa

30
Q

Another name for Clot?

A

Thrombus

31
Q

What can result in myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke due to a thrombus?

A

Ischemia

32
Q

What mechanism of cell tissue injury is considered a lack of blood flow (supply)?

A

Ischemia

33
Q

What can infectious diseases cause?

A

Cell injury or death

34
Q

Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi, rickettsiae, protozoa, prions, and helminths are considered?

A

Infectious diseases

35
Q

What infectious diseases are responsible for vast majority of infections?

A

Bacteria and viral agents

36
Q

What infectious diseases cause cell injury primarily by invading tissue and releasing exotoxins and endotoxins that can cause cell lysis or death and degradation of extracellular matrix and aid in the spread of infection?

A

Bacterial infections

37
Q

Toxins that are released by organisms (tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism)

A

Exotoxins

38
Q

When microorganisms or their toxins are present in the blood thus throughout the entire body

A

Sepsis

39
Q

What infectious disease kills by one of two mechanisms and are the consequence of complete redirection of cell’s biosynthesis toward viral replication?

A

Viruses

40
Q

What type of virus usually is found with RNA viruses and kills from within by disturbing various cellular processes or by disrupting the integrity of nucleus and/or plasma membrane?

A

Direct cytopathic effect viruses

41
Q

What type of virus has DNA-type viruses killing cells by integrating themselves into the cellular genome?

A

Indirect cytopathic effect viruses

42
Q

What type of virus encodes the production of foreign proteins, which are exposed on the cell surface and recognized by the body’s immune cells?

A

Indirect cytopathic effect viruses

43
Q

What type of virus has virally encoded proteins becoming inserted into the plasma membrane of the host cell (forming a channel) and altering the permeability of the cell membrane to the ions resulting loss of the ionic barrier leading to cell swelling and death?

A

Direct cytopathic effect viruses

44
Q

What types of cells recognize virally encoded proteins inserted into the plasma membrane of host cells and attack and destroy the infected cells?

A

Immunocompetent cells (T lymphocyte)

45
Q

What occurs when the immune system is compromised or if the number of invading microorganisms overwhelms the immune system?

A

Disease (and symptoms of illness)

46
Q

Runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing are what type of immune reactions?

A

Mild

47
Q

Asthma (severe hypoxia caused asthmatic bronchoconstriction) is what type of immune reactions?

A

Moderate

48
Q

Anaphylaxis is what type of immune reaction?

A

Severe

49
Q

A whole body allergic reaction

A

Anaphylaxis

50
Q

What type of mechanism of cell tissue injury involves hypersensitivities from mild allergies to severe life threatening anaphylactic reactions?

A

Immune reactions

51
Q

A chronic inflammatory reaction

A

Granuloma

52
Q

What are the 3 primary means of genetic factors?

A

-Alterations in the structure of number of chromosomes that produce multiple abnormalities; single mutations of genes that cause changes in the amount of functions of proteins; multiple gene mutations that interact with environmental factors that cause multifactorial disorders

53
Q

What is an example of the genetic factor: alteration of the structure of number of chromosomes that produce multiple abnormalities?

A

Trisomy 13 (Down syndrome)

54
Q

What is an example of the genetic factor: single mutations of genes that cause changes in the amount of functions of proteins?

A

Sickle cell anemia

55
Q

What can these genetic alterations cause?

A

-Severe and cause death in utero; congenital malformations; manifest in adulthood (Huntington’s Disease)

56
Q

What is an example of the genetic factor: multiple gene mutations that interact with the environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders?

A

Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes

57
Q

Imbalances in essential nutrients lead to?

A

Cell death

58
Q

What is essential for the healing processes after cell injury and the replacement of cells lost through normal turnover?

A

Cell replication

59
Q

Synthesis of _____ is required to replace cell proteins lost through normal catabolism through growth and in preparation for cell replication

A

Proteins

60
Q

Consequence of protein malnutrition is a condition called

A

Kwashiorkor

61
Q

Form of malnutrition; a consequence of generalized dietary deficiency

A

Maramus

62
Q

What type of deficiency causes anemia?

A

Iron

63
Q

What can occur with an excessive amount of iron in the tissues?

A

Cause damage by formation of free radicals

PTA 260 (Pathology) (32 decks)

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