Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

English 11H > ch 3: analyzing arguments > Flashcards

ch 3: analyzing arguments Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

crazed rhetoric: contrary to what arguments are meant to be, crazed rhetoric lacks …, …, and … for one’s claims

A

sufficient evidence; support; credibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

arguments should be a process incorporating … in which … is sought

A

reason; common ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

arguments are discussions focused on the purpose of …, which lead from a .. to a …

A

persuading; claim; conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

rogerian arguments: emphasizes the significance of … and …., advocates the notion that it is imperative to have a complete understanding of the …

A

concession; refutation; counterargument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the goal of a rogerian argument is not to … your opponents or to dismantle their viewpoints but rahter to reach a …

A

destroy; satisfactory conclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a claim is the component of an argument that acts as a

A

thesis statement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the claim should be

A

debatable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the claim should be a complete

A

sentence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a strong claim is the result of … as well as deliberation over the information found through the …

A

extensive, thorough research; research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

three types of claims:

A

claims of fact, claims of value, claims of policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

these claims guide entire arguments, of which there are 3:

A

arguments of fact, arguments of value, arguments of policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

claims of fact assert that something is

A

true/not true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

arguments of fact are dependent on the information that is considered to be

A

factual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

whenever you are evaluating or writing an argument of fact, it’s important to approach your subject with

A

healthy skepticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

claims of value: most common type of claim; argues about the … of something

A

worth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

claims of value must be

A

debatable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

claims of value may incorporate

A

opinions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

in order to create an argument based on a claim of value, one must have specific standards, meaning the factors that make the object being discussed have the

A

value that the author assigns it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the speaker must then demonstrate the manner in which these standards

A

apply to the subject

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

claims of policy propose

A

change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

argument of policy begins with a j

A

claim of fact (identifies problem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

(argument of policy) claim of fact is followed by a

A

claim of value (explains nature of problem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(argument of policy) the claim of value is then followed by a

A

claim of policy (suggests change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

(argument of policy) while an argument of policy usually calls for some direct action to take plce, it may be a recommendation for a change in

A

attitude or viewpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

types of thesis statements:

A

closed theiss, open thesis, counterargument theiss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

closed thesis:

A

main idea + major points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

closed theses are more efective for shorter essays in that it limits teh

A

amount of points that can be made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

open theses are more effective for

A

lengthy essays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

open theses don’t list the author’s points, but rather, it imply states the

A

main idea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

counterargument thesis summarizes a counterargument that is followed by the

A

speaker’s belief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

a counterargument thesis instantaneously makes the argument appear

A

strong and logical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the conterargument thesis allows one to use … and … technique more effectively

A

concession; refutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

a counterargument thesis does not have to demonstrate complete

A

support or rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

rhetorical choices: the …, …, and … of evidence

A

amount; type; presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

amount, type and presentation of evidence is dependent on what the … and … is

A

purpose; audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

one must consider whether …. or .. evidence would be more effective in persuading audience

A

formal/ informal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

relevant evidence: relates tot eh

A

argument

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the relationship beween relevant evidence and argument is typically

A

expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

accurate evidence: does not … the information supplied by the evidence being used

A

misinterpret/misrepresent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

to have accurate evidence: utilize …, consider…, consider what type of evidence will …

A

credible sources; bias; appeal to your audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

sufficient evidence: there should be enough evidence so that the thesis will be

A

completely supported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

logical fallacies: potential … or … in an argument

A

vulnerabilities; weaknesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

logical fallacies can occur when the relationship between the argument and the evidence is not

A

adequately explained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

occassionally, fallacies are deliberately employed to

A

manipulate the audience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

red herring: fallacy in which the speaker introduces information that is … to a….

A

irrelevant to the argument; avoid the topic that should be discussed

46
Q

ad hominem fallacy: a red herring, ad hominem means “…”; argues for/against the … instead of the issue being discused

A

to the man; character of a person

47
Q

if the speaker questions one’s character, and this questioning of character is relevant to the argument, than this would not be an

A

ad hominem

48
Q

when using analogies, determine if the similarities are

A

larger in number than the dissimilarites

49
Q

faulty analogies can be used to appeal to

A

pathos

50
Q

hasty generalization: the evidence that is used does not completely

A

support the argument

51
Q

circular reasoning: does not legitimately provide …, but rather, it

A

evidence; restates the claim

52
Q

first-hand eidence: something that you know

A

to be true

53
Q

personal experience can be used to

A

appeal to pathos

54
Q

personal experience makes the issue that is being discussed more

A

human

55
Q

personal experience is more effective in the

A

intro/conclusion

56
Q

anecdotes can also be used to

A

appeal to pathos

57
Q

current events are another type of …, but one must be aware of ..

A

first-hand evidence; bias

58
Q

second-hand evidence is found through

A

research

59
Q

some types of second-hand evidence:

A

factual/historical information, expert opinion, statistics

60
Q

second-hand evidence appeals to

A

logos

61
Q

historical information can be used to establish a

A

context, as well as ethos

62
Q

historical information appeals to ethos in that it illustrates that the speaker has conducted

A

research

63
Q

it is essential that historical information is

A

accurately presented

64
Q

historical information can be used in comparisons between

A

past and modern times

65
Q

post hoc ergo propter hoc: means “….”; refutes the notion that something has caused another event due to the fact that it …

A

after which therefore because of which; occurred earlier

66
Q

expert i someone who has … on a topic or whos job experience gives him/her specialized …

A

published research; knowledge

67
Q

it’s essential that the expert opinion that you use will be credible to the

A

audience

68
Q

ppeal to false authority: cites someone that is widely known but is essentially … to the argument in that said person lacks … on the issue being argued

A

irrelevant; expertise

69
Q

quantitative evidence is numerical information:

A

statistics, surveys, polls, censuses

70
Q

bandwagon appeal (ad populum fallacy): appeals to the fact that the issue at hand is …; essentially “everybody’s doing it, so it must be a …”

A

common practice; good thing to do”

71
Q

ways to structure an argument involve:

A

classical oration, inductiona nd deduction; toulmin model

72
Q

5 part structure for speeches:

A

introduction (exordium), narration (narratio), confirmation (confirmatio), refutation (refutatio), conclusion (peroratio)

73
Q

(structure for speeches) introduction: introuces the …, exordium means “…”, grabs the reader’s … and establishes …

A

subject; beginning a web; attention; ethos

74
Q

(structure for speeches) narration: incorporates … and background …; typically appeals to pathos due to the fact that the speaker tries to evoke an emotional response about the …

A

facts; infromation; importance of the issue being discussed

75
Q

confirmation: provides … and appeals to …

A

evidence; logos

76
Q

refutation: counterargument, appeals to

A

logos

77
Q

conclusion: appeals to … and … and ties all the …

A

pathos; ethos; claims made together

78
Q

induction: an argument that is structured so that it moves from

A

specific information to a generalization

79
Q

to use induction: gather …, …, and …

A

evidence; infer; conclude

80
Q

inductive arguments are not right/wrong, they are either …

A

strong/weak

81
Q

inductive arguments do nto lead to …, only to …

A

certainties; probabilities

82
Q

contrary to induction, deductions begin with a generalization which is applied to …. so that a … can be formed

A

specific information; conclusion

83
Q

generalization: … premise

A

major

84
Q

specifics: … premise

A

minor

85
Q

deductive reasoning→

A

syllogism

86
Q

syllogism: structure that utilizes …. and … to form a conclusion

A

major; minor premises

87
Q

deductive reasoning can be to illustrate the … in …

A

irrationality; stereotypes

88
Q

the toulmin model is an effective tool in uncovering the

A

assumptions that underlie arguments

89
Q

6 eleents of the Toulmin model:

A

claim, evidence, warrant (assumption), backing, qualifier, reservation

90
Q

a warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the

A

speaker and the audience

91
Q

backing: additional

A

evidence

92
Q

qualifier: words like …, …, …., …, ….; reduces the … of an argument

A

usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, most likely; absoluteness

93
Q

reservation: describes conditions that are brought about by the

A

qualifier

94
Q

rebuttal

A

objections

95
Q

toulmin analsis:

A

because (evidence), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation)

96
Q

the toulmin model illustrates the relationship between the

A

assumptions, claim, and evidence

97
Q

if the audience doesn’t gree with the speaker’s assumptions, the speaker must then develop anothe claim which should be supported by

A

further evidence

98
Q

types of visual arguments:

A

advertisements, political cartoons, photos, bumper stickers, t-shirts, hats, web pages, art billboards

99
Q

(checklist for visual texts) what is the …, …, and … of the visual? does the seaker have any … that are significant in terms of the text?

A

origin, audience, speaker; affiliations

100
Q

(checklist for visual texts) what is …about the text and what is your …?

A

notibceable; first impression

101
Q

(checklist for visual texts) what is the … and …?

A

topic; claim

102
Q

(checklist for visual texts) does the text tell a … and what is the …?

A

story; purpose

103
Q

(checklist for visual texts) hat emotions does it evoke and how does it artistically…?

A

appeal to emotions

104
Q

(checklist for visual texts) are the figures …, …, or … and what effect does this have?

A

realistic; caricatures; distorted

105
Q

(checklist for visual texts) are there any … and what are their effects?

A

visual allusions

106
Q

(checklist for visual texts) what … are represented?

A

cultural valus

107
Q

(checklist for visual texts) what … does it make?

A

claim

108
Q

while photographs are real, they are also artificial in that the photographer controlss what the

A

photo captures

109
Q

begging the question: a fallacy in which a claim is based on … or … that is in …. It begs a question whether the …

A

evidence; support; doubt; support itself is sound

110
Q

either/or (false dilemma): a fallacy in which the speaker presents two

A

extreme options as the only possibl echoices

111
Q

straw man: a fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately … or .. example in order to … and … an idea

A

poor; oversimplified; ridicule; refute

English 11H (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions