Ch. 29 Respiratory System Flashcards
System of the body concerned with gas transport and exchange
Respiratory System
The respiratory system exists in two phases:
Conductive phase
Gas exchange phase
Has of the respiratory system concerned with the movement of gasses from the outer environment through the respiratory tubes to the lungs
Conductive phase
Phase of the respiratory system concerned with exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and they air sacs of the lungs.
Gas exchange phase.
The organs of the respiratory system in the order that air passes from the outer environment to the lungs:
Nasal cavity (or oral) Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs
Cartilaginous and membranous tube extending from the larynx above to the point at which it bifurcates into two primary bronchi below
Trachea
Air is conducted through the trachea during the process of ___
respiration
Length of trachea in vivo
15 cm
The trachea is composed of a series of _____ C-shaped rings made of ___ so that each almost encircles the lumen.
16-20; hyaline cartilage
Open ends of these incomplete laThe open ends of the incomplete cartilaginous rings of the trachea are directed___
posteriorly
The gap between the two ends of each ring in the trachea is bridged by _________
connective tissue and smooth muscle
Connective tissue bridge of tracheal rings is adjacent to the posteriorly related ______
esophagus
Marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of two primary bronchi
tracheal bifurcation
Primary bronchi enter the substance of the ___
lungs
The trachea terminates by bifurcating into two ______
primary bronchi (right and left)
The right primary bronchus is _________ compared to the left
wider, shorter, straighter (forms a less acute angle with the trachea)
Length of right primary bronchus
2.5 cm
The right primary bronchus enters the right lung at the hills of the right lung and divides into three _____
secondary bronchi
Each secondary bronchi is for each of the ___
lobes of the lungs
Each of the secondary bronchi divides into several ______
tertiary bronchi
Each tertiary bronchi supplies a ____
bronchopulmonary segment
Largest segment within a lobe of the lung
Bronchopulmonary segment
Bronchopulmonary segments are separated from each other by _____ that prevent diffusion of air from one segment to another
connective tissue septa
The left primary bronchus is ___ in caliber, but about ____ as long as the right pulmonary bronchus
smaller; twice
Length of left primary bronchus
5 cm
Objects falling through the trachea would most likely lodge in the _____ because it is more in Lin with the trachea.
right primary bronchus
Left primary bronchus enters the left lung through the ___ and it divides into two ________, one for the upper lobe an done for the lower lobe.
hilus; secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi subdivide further into more bronchi and then into many ___
bronchioles
Differences between bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchioles are smaller and more numerous
Bronchioles do not require cartilages in their walls to keep them from collapsing on the inspiratory movements because they are inside the substance of the lung – which itself is expanded during inspiratory movements.
Terminal bronchioles in turn divide into ___
respiratory bronchioles
Short tubes composed of connective tissue and smooth muscles
respiratory bronchioles
Why are respiratory bronchioles called respiratory?
A few alveoli bud off the respiratory bronchioles
The respiratory bronchioles branch in cone-like radiation in _____ alveolar ducts
2-11
Long, thin walled tubes of connective tissue and smooth muscle
alveolar ducts
From the alveolar ducts arise ___ and ___ that contain two or more alveoli
single alveoli; alveolar sacs
At the level of _____ there are no longer any cartilage or smooth muscle
alveoli
All that remains as the alveolar wall is a thin layer of ____ and ______
epithelium and connective tissue
Most conspicuous feature of the alveoli is
the presence of numerous capillaries adjacent to them
The capillaries are so situated that a great portion of their surface is directed toward the ____
alveoli
Membrane constituted by alveolar wall and the capillary wall through which gas exchange occurs
respiratory membrane
Rounded superior end of the lung
apex
Three surfaces of each lung
Costal surface
Diaphragmatic surface
Medial surface
Surface of the lung adjacent to the thoracic wall (sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, intercostal muscles)
costal surface
Surface of the lung adjacent to the upper surface of the diaphragm
diaphragmatic surface (base)
surface of the lung adjacent to the heart and other thoracic organs.
Medial surface
Location through which all structures that enter or leave the lung pass
Hilus
Which surface is the hilus a part of?
Medial surface
The name given collectively to all of the structures that enter or leave the lung at the hilus
root of the lung
Structures forming the root
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Primary bronchus
Branch of the pulmonary trunk that brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lung
pulmonary artery
Carry oxygenated blood from the lung back to the heart (left atrium)
Pulmonary veins
Branch of the trachea; it serves as a passageway for air
Primary bronchus
Right lung has two fissures:
Oblique fissure and Transverse (horizontal) fissure
Two fissures of the right lung subdivide the lung into three lobes:
Upper
Middle
Lower
The left lung has one fissure:
Oblique fissure
The oblique fissure of the left lung subdivides it into two lobes
Upper
Lower
Ina addition to the lobes, the left lobe also contains:
Lingula
Cardiac notch
