Ch. 26 Heart Flashcards
System of the body concerned with the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular or circulatory
Muscle that functions in pumping blood through vessels of the cardiovascular system.
Heart
Muscle type of the heart
Striated muscle, cardiac in type.
Another word for internal cavities of the heart
Chambers
of chambers of the heart
4
Four chambers of the heart
2 atria, 2 ventricles
The heart is positioned in such a way that the atria lie ____ to the to the ventricles.
posterior (not superior)
When blood moves passes from atria to ventricles it moves ____
horizontally (not vertically)
The heart is located in the ___
Thorax
The heart is located between the ___
lungs
The heart rests on the ___
diaphragm
Structure that protect the heart anteriorly
Sternum
Structure that protect the heart laterally
Ribs, intercostal muscles, lungs.
Structures that protect the heart posteriorly
Thoracic vertebrae
Encloses the heart in a tough connective tissue sac
Pericardium
The pericardium is a ____ sac that encloses the heart
fibroserous
Outer layer of the pericardium blends with the ____ of the diaphragm inferiorly
central tendon
Superiorly and posteriorly, the fibrous layer of the pericardium blends with the ______
Major blood vessels of the heart, vena cava, aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Cardiac muscle itself is referred to as the
Myocardium.
Inner epithelial lining of the cambers of the heart
Endocardium
Surface of the heart that lies adjacent to the sternum and costal cartilages.
Sternocostal surface
The sternocostal surface lies adjacent to the
Sternum and the costal cartilages
Surface of the heart that lies adjacent to the diaphragm
Diaphragmatic surface
Surface of the heart adjacent to the medial surface of the left lung.
Pulmonary surface.
Rounded projection of the heart, points inferiorly and to the left.
Apex
Where does the apex lie?
At the level of the sixth costal cartilage
Generally the area where the rest vessels attach to the heart.
Base
Vessels that attach to the base of the heart
Aorta, Pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava
Ear like appendages attached to the lateral surfaces of the atria
Auricles
Auricles allow for ___ in the capacity of the atrium.
increase
Clinically, the term auricle is also referred to as the ___
appendage
Vertical muscular ridge seen on the posterior wall of the right atrium
Crista Terminalis
Muscular, ridge like extensions of the crista terminails
Muscluli pectinati
musculi pectinate are found in the
right atrium, and in the right and left auricles
Three major venous openings enter the right atrium
Superior vena caval opening
Inferior vena caval opening
Opening of the coronary sinus
Opening of the right atrium for the main vein returning blood from the upper half of the body
Superior vena caval opening
Opening of the right atrium for the main vein returning blood from the lower half of the body.
Inferior Vena Caval opening
A small nonfunctional valve on the inferior vena cava
valve of the inferior vena cava
Opening of the right atrium leading to a venous chamber located on the posterior surface of the heart.
Opening of the coronary sinus
Opening of the right atrium that receives veins that drain the heart muscle itself
Opening of the coronary sinus
The opening of the coronary sinus opens into the right atrium just anterior and superior to:
Inferior vena cava
Partition between the right atrium and the left atrium
Interatrial septum
Oval depression lying on the interatrial septum in the right atrium.
fossa ovalis
Remanent of a foramen that in the fetal stage of development existed between the right and left atrium.
Fossa ovalis
Another name for right atrioventricular valve
Tricuspid
The right atrioventricular opening is guarded by the ___.
Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
Mechanical device that allows flow of blood in one direction only, thus preventing retrograde flow (flow in the wrong direction)
valve
Two types of valves that compose the heart:
Atrioventricular valves, Semilunar valves
Atrioventricular valve is characteristically composed of three parts:
Cusps
Chordae Tendinae
Papillary muscle
Flaps of connective tissue on an atrioventricular valve
Cusp
Connective tissue cords that attach to the lower surface of the cusps
Chordae Tendinae
Muscle that consists of internal folds of ventricular muscle that give attachment to the chord tendinae.
Papillary muscle
The three cusps of the tricuspid valve are named according to their:
anatomical position
Functions in closing during the contraction of the ventricles
Tricuspid valve
When closed, the tricuspid valve prevents back flow of blood from the ___ to the ___
Right ventricle; right atrium
When closed, the tricuspid valve prevents back flow of blood from the ___ to the ___
Right ventricle; right atrium
he tricuspid valve is held in a closed position via the _____ that are attached to the lower surface of the ____ and are thus not everted into the atrium.
Chordae Tendinae; cusps
The internal surface of the right ventricle consists of irregular, ridge like projections of muscle called :
trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles are a type of ___
trabeculae carneae
Wall between right and left ventricles
Interventricular septum
A special type of trabeculae corneae in which one band attaches to the inter ventricular septum and to the anterior papillary muscle
Moderator band or Septomarginal trabeculae
Contains the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle
Moderator band
Part of the collection of fibers making up the conduction system of the heart
Atrioventricular bundle
Openings of the right ventricle
Right atrioventricular opening, guarded by the tricuspid valve
Pulmonary trunk opening
Blood leaves the right ventricle and enters the pulmonary trunk by passing through the :
pulmonary trunk opening
Pulmonary trunk opening is guarded by this valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
Valve that does not posses papillary muscles and chord tendineae.
semilunar valves
Pocket-like flaps surrounding an opening
Semilunar valves
For each semilunar valve there are ___ flaps or cusps
three
The free edge of each cusp in a semilunar valve that has a small central thickening of fibrous tissue. It fills the small gap left at closure of the three flaps.
Nodule
Narrow lip extending from each side of the nodule in a semilunar valve.
lunula
The spaces between the cusps and the wall of the vessels in the semilunar valves. Each is named for its corresponding cusp.
sinus
Between the cusps and the wall of the pulmonary trunk there are ___
3 sinuses
When flow of blood is from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk the valve ____
opens
Blood flows through the pulmonary trunk into the _______ to the -______
right and left pulmonary arteries; to the right and left lung
In the lungs, blood gives off _____ and receives ____
carbon dioxide, oxygen
Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via four ___
pulmonary veins (two from right lung, two from left lung)
All four pulmonary veins enter the _____
left atrium
The left atrium has its muscle pectinate located within the ______.
Left auricle only
The main part of the left atrium is taken up by
Four separate openings of the pulmonary veins
Only other opening of the left atrium, other than the pulmonary veins
Left atrioventricular opening
Other names for left atrioventricular valve
Mitral, bicuspid
Left atrioventricular opening is guarded by the
Bicuspid valve
Valve containing two cusps, chordae tendinaea, and papillary muscles
bicuspid valve
Blood flows from the ___ to the ___ through the bicuspid valve.
Left atrium, left ventricle.
Internal muscular ridge like folds in the left ventricle
trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles of the bicuspid valve are a type of ___
trabeculae carneae
One major difference between the right and left ventricles is ______
the thickness of the wall
The wall of the ___ is usually more than twice as thick as that of the ___.
Left ventricle; right ventricle
Reason for the left atrium being thicker:
Right ventricle only pumps blood to one organ, the lungs.
The left ventricle must pump blood to every other organ and the body (including lungs), and thus performs more work and is larger.
Reason for the left atrium being thicker:
Right ventricle only pumps blood to one organ, the lungs.
The left ventricle must pump blood to every other organ and the body (including lungs), and thus performs more work and is larger.
Only openings of the left ventricle
Left atriventricular opening
Opening fo the aorta
When the left ventricle contracts, blood leaves and enters the ___
aorta.
The opening of the aorta is guarded by the :
aortic semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve possesses ___ cusps located at the opening of the aorta
3
The spaces between the cusps or the aortic semilunar valves and the wall of the aorta
aortic sinuses
Aortic sinuses differ from pulmonary sinuses in that the right and left aortic sinuses are sites of origin of the ________, respectively
right and left coronary arteries.
Cord-like band connecting the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch which is a remnant of fetal circulation
ligamentum arteriosum
System made up of specialized muscle fibers, specialized in that they can conduct impulses.
Conduction system of the heart
Main components of the conduction system
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle
Other name for sinoatrial node
pace maker
The sinoatrial node is located at the junction of the _____ and the ____
Superior vena cava; right atrium
An impulse is initiated at the sinoatrial node and spreads from the node directly through to the _____, causing them to ____.
atrial muscle, and all parts of both atria; contract
The impulse from the sinoatrial node reaches the
atrioventricular node
Located in the upper part of the inter ventricular septum
Atrioventricular node
Node that receives the impulse that s coursing through the wall of the atria, holds for a short time (while atria are contracting), and then sends the impulse to the atrioventricular bundle
Atrioventricular node
Another name for the atrioventricular bundle
Bundle of his
Extends down the inter ventricular septum and divides into the right and left branch.
Atrioventricular Bundle
The right branch of the atrioventricular bundle courses through the _____ to the wall of the ____
Moderator band; right ventricle
The left branch of the atrioventricular bundle courses directly to the ___
left ventricle.
The impulse conducts along the _____ and through its branches to the ventricles, causing both ventricles to contract
Atrioventricular bundle
External artery arising from the right aortic sinus
Right coronary artery
The right coronary artery arises between the ___ and the ___
pulmonary trunk, right auricle
The right coronary artery courses ____ along the heart,
inferiorly
The right coronary artery courses inferiorly along the heart, gives off a _____ and then courses to the back of of the heart.
marginal branch
Just before the right coronary artery ends, it gives off the _____ which courses to the apex of the heart.
Posterior interventricular artery
The posterior interventricular artery courses to the ____
apex of the heart
The left coronary artery arises from the ___
left aortic sinus
The left coronary artery courses between the ___ and the ___
left auricle and the pulmonary trunk
The left coronary artery divides into:
Anterior inter ventricular artery or left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Circumflex branch
The LAD courses toward the ___ ends by anastomosing with the ____.
apex; posterior inverventricular artery.
Course around the heart and anastomoses with the right coronary artery
Circumflex branch
Veins draining the heart
Cardiac veins
Three major veins draining into the coronary sinus
The great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
The great cardiac vein courses with the ______ and the _____
inter ventricular artery; circumflex branch
The great cardiac vein continues on the back of the heart as the ____
Coronary sinus
The middle cardiac vein courses with the _____ and ends in the ____
posterior inter ventricular artery, coronary sinus
The small cardiac vein courses with the ____ and ends in the ____
marginal artery; coronary sinus
Short, wide vessel that receives all three cardiac veins.
Coronary sinus
Coronary sinus empties into the ____
right atrium
Two or three small vessels that drain the right ventricle and end directly in the right atrium
Anterior cardiac veins
Numerous small veins that drain the myocardium itself and empty separately into all four chambers.
Venae cordis minimae
