ch 27.1 and 27.2 Flashcards
what is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of minerals on Earth’s surface
weathering
what is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter,water,and air that is capable of supporting plant life.
soil
what is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering
erosion
as rocks weather,erosional agents like wind,ice,water,and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process called what
sediment transport
when the erosional agent slows down or melts,it drops this sediment load in a process called what
deposition
the land are that gathers water for a major river is called what
drainage basin
the movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called what
longshore current
do all rocks weather at the same rate
no
what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather
rock type and the landscape they are found in
what are the two types of weathering
chemical and mechanical weathering
what type of change happens with mechanical weathering
physical changes
what type of change happens with chemical weathering
chemical changes
what are 3 specific types of mechanical weathering
frost wedging, biological activity, and collisions
what causes frost wedging
water seeps into cracks in rocks, it freezes, water expands, cracks form over and over till rock breaks
what is the cycle called during frost wedging
water seeps into cracks in rocks, it freezes, water expands, cracks form over and over till rock breaks
what causes biological activity
plant and animal activity
what causes weathering during collisions
when rocks fall from a cliff or tumbling through turbulent rivers
what is parent material
where soil forms from
what are soil horizons
are different layers of soil
how many soil horizons are there
up to 6 layers
true or false
all soil contains every soil horizon
false
what are the specific soil horizons
O,A,E,B,C,R
what does the first soil horizon contain
organic materials
what is the second horizon mostly made up of
minerals
which layer does leaching occur
horizon E
which horizon collects materials from previous horizons
Horizon B
which layer is partially weathered bedrock
Horizon C
which layer is unweathered bedrock
Horizon R
which soil horizons make up topsoil
Horizons O and A
which soil horizons make up subsoil
Horizons E and B
which horizons make up the true soil
horizons O,A,E,B
what is the difference between weathering and erosion
weathering is the breakdown pf materials
erosion is the removal of materials
what happens to the speed of a river on a slope
As the slope of a river decreases, the rivers speed decreases
what are small streams that flow into bigger rivers called
tributaries
what is the land area that gathers water for a major river called
drainage basin
what is a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins called
drainage devide
as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating what
channels
young rivers are what due to the fast movement
v-shaped
what type of rovers are wide with smooth and gentle shapes
mature
when rivers flood and drop their sediment load, what type of plain is created
flood plains
what are fan shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of rivers
deltas
what forms when a river or stream enters dry land
alluvial fans
on what side of the sand dune does erosion occur
the windward side
on which side of the sand dune does deposition occur
the leeward side
what is deflation
the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind
what is desert pavement
when small particles are removed, the remaining hard surface is called the desert pavement
what does the shape and sizes of landforms due to wind depend on
wind speed, the amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply
what are some landforms created by wave erosion
coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks
what are two examples of wave deposition
sand bars and sand spits
what is a sandbar
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
what are sand spits
sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape
what can cause mass wasting
snow, heavy rain, earthquakes, and human activity
what are some examples of mass wasting
rock slides, mudflows, landslides
