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Physical Science > ch 27.1 and 27.2 > Flashcards

ch 27.1 and 27.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of minerals on Earth’s surface

A

weathering

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2
Q

what is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter,water,and air that is capable of supporting plant life.

A

soil

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3
Q

what is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

A

erosion

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4
Q

as rocks weather,erosional agents like wind,ice,water,and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process called what

A

sediment transport

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5
Q

when the erosional agent slows down or melts,it drops this sediment load in a process called what

A

deposition

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5
Q

the land are that gathers water for a major river is called what

A

drainage basin

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6
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called what

A

longshore current

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7
Q

do all rocks weather at the same rate

A

no

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8
Q

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather

A

rock type and the landscape they are found in

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9
Q

what are the two types of weathering

A

chemical and mechanical weathering

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10
Q

what type of change happens with mechanical weathering

A

physical changes

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11
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering

A

chemical changes

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12
Q

what are 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging, biological activity, and collisions

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13
Q

what causes frost wedging

A

water seeps into cracks in rocks, it freezes, water expands, cracks form over and over till rock breaks

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14
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

water seeps into cracks in rocks, it freezes, water expands, cracks form over and over till rock breaks

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15
Q

what causes biological activity

A

plant and animal activity

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16
Q

what causes weathering during collisions

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumbling through turbulent rivers

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17
Q

what is parent material

A

where soil forms from

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18
Q

what are soil horizons

A

are different layers of soil

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19
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

up to 6 layers

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20
Q

true or false

all soil contains every soil horizon

A

false

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21
Q

what are the specific soil horizons

A

O,A,E,B,C,R

22
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain

A

organic materials

23
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of

A

minerals

24
Q

which layer does leaching occur

A

horizon E

25
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons

A

Horizon B

26
Q

which layer is partially weathered bedrock

A

Horizon C

27
Q

which layer is unweathered bedrock

A

Horizon R

28
Q

which soil horizons make up topsoil

A

Horizons O and A

29
Q

which soil horizons make up subsoil

A

Horizons E and B

30
Q

which horizons make up the true soil

A

horizons O,A,E,B

31
Q

what is the difference between weathering and erosion

A

weathering is the breakdown pf materials

erosion is the removal of materials

32
Q

what happens to the speed of a river on a slope

A

As the slope of a river decreases, the rivers speed decreases

33
Q

what are small streams that flow into bigger rivers called

A

tributaries

34
Q

what is the land area that gathers water for a major river called

A

drainage basin

35
Q

what is a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins called

A

drainage devide

36
Q

as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating what

A

channels

37
Q

young rivers are what due to the fast movement

A

v-shaped

38
Q

what type of rovers are wide with smooth and gentle shapes

A

mature

39
Q

when rivers flood and drop their sediment load, what type of plain is created

A

flood plains

40
Q

what are fan shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of rivers

A

deltas

41
Q

what forms when a river or stream enters dry land

A

alluvial fans

42
Q

on what side of the sand dune does erosion occur

A

the windward side

43
Q

on which side of the sand dune does deposition occur

A

the leeward side

44
Q

what is deflation

A

the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

45
Q

what is desert pavement

A

when small particles are removed, the remaining hard surface is called the desert pavement

46
Q

what does the shape and sizes of landforms due to wind depend on

A

wind speed, the amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply

47
Q

what are some landforms created by wave erosion

A

coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks

48
Q

what are two examples of wave deposition

A

sand bars and sand spits

49
Q

what is a sandbar

A

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

50
Q

what are sand spits

A

sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape

51
Q

what can cause mass wasting

A

snow, heavy rain, earthquakes, and human activity

52
Q

what are some examples of mass wasting

A

rock slides, mudflows, landslides

Physical Science (7 decks)

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