ch 27.1 and 27.2

Question 1

what is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of minerals on Earth’s surface

Answer 1

weathering

Question 2

what is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter,water,and air that is capable of supporting plant life.

Answer 2

soil

Question 3

what is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

Answer 3

erosion

Question 4

as rocks weather,erosional agents like wind,ice,water,and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process called what

Answer 4

sediment transport

Question 5

when the erosional agent slows down or melts,it drops this sediment load in a process called what

Answer 5

deposition

Question 5

the land are that gathers water for a major river is called what

Answer 5

drainage basin

Question 6

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called what

Answer 6

longshore current

Question 7

do all rocks weather at the same rate

Answer 7

no

Question 8

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather

Answer 8

rock type and the landscape they are found in

Question 9

what are the two types of weathering

Answer 9

chemical and mechanical weathering

Question 10

what type of change happens with mechanical weathering

Answer 10

physical changes

Question 11

what type of change happens with chemical weathering

Answer 11

chemical changes

Question 12

what are 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

Answer 12

frost wedging, biological activity, and collisions

Question 13

what causes frost wedging

Answer 13

water seeps into cracks in rocks, it freezes, water expands, cracks form over and over till rock breaks

Question 14

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

Answer 14

water seeps into cracks in rocks, it freezes, water expands, cracks form over and over till rock breaks

Question 15

what causes biological activity

Answer 15

plant and animal activity

Question 16

what causes weathering during collisions

Answer 16

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumbling through turbulent rivers

Question 17

what is parent material

Answer 17

where soil forms from

Question 18

what are soil horizons

Answer 18

are different layers of soil

Question 19

how many soil horizons are there

Answer 19

up to 6 layers

Question 20

true or false

all soil contains every soil horizon

Answer 20

false

Question 21

what are the specific soil horizons

Answer 21

O,A,E,B,C,R

Question 22

what does the first soil horizon contain

Answer 22

organic materials

Question 23

what is the second horizon mostly made up of

Answer 23

minerals

Question 24

which layer does leaching occur

Answer 24

horizon E

Question 25

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons

Answer 25

Horizon B

Question 26

which layer is partially weathered bedrock

Answer 26

Horizon C

Question 27

which layer is unweathered bedrock

Answer 27

Horizon R

Question 28

which soil horizons make up topsoil

Answer 28

Horizons O and A

Question 29

which soil horizons make up subsoil

Answer 29

Horizons E and B

Question 30

which horizons make up the true soil

Answer 30

horizons O,A,E,B

Question 31

what is the difference between weathering and erosion

Answer 31

weathering is the breakdown pf materials | erosion is the removal of materials

Question 32

what happens to the speed of a river on a slope

Answer 32

As the slope of a river decreases, the rivers speed decreases

Question 33

what are small streams that flow into bigger rivers called

Answer 33

tributaries

Question 34

what is the land area that gathers water for a major river called

Answer 34

drainage basin

Question 35

what is a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins called

Answer 35

drainage devide

Question 36

as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth's surface creating what

Answer 36

channels

Question 37

young rivers are what due to the fast movement

Answer 37

v-shaped

Question 38

what type of rovers are wide with smooth and gentle shapes

Answer 38

mature

Question 39

when rivers flood and drop their sediment load, what type of plain is created

Answer 39

flood plains

Question 40

what are fan shaped sediment deposits that form at the mouth of rivers

Answer 40

deltas

Question 41

what forms when a river or stream enters dry land

Answer 41

alluvial fans

Question 42

on what side of the sand dune does erosion occur

Answer 42

the windward side

Question 43

on which side of the sand dune does deposition occur

Answer 43

the leeward side

Question 44

what is deflation

Answer 44

the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

Question 45

what is desert pavement

Answer 45

when small particles are removed, the remaining hard surface is called the desert pavement

Question 46

what does the shape and sizes of landforms due to wind depend on

Answer 46

wind speed, the amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply

Question 47

what are some landforms created by wave erosion

Answer 47

coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks

Question 48

what are two examples of wave deposition

Answer 48

sand bars and sand spits

Question 49

what is a sandbar

Answer 49

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

Question 50

what are sand spits

Answer 50

sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape

Question 51

what can cause mass wasting

Answer 51

snow, heavy rain, earthquakes, and human activity

Question 52

what are some examples of mass wasting

Answer 52

rock slides, mudflows, landslides