Ch 26 Sponges, Cnidarians, and unsegmented worms Flashcards
1
Q
what is an animal
A
- heterotrophic
- multi-cellular
- eukaryotic
- lack cell walls
2
Q
what is cell specialization and division of labour within animals
A
- animals have different cell types that do certain tasks
- division of labour is a phenomena in multicellular organisms where certain cells have specialities or task
- necessary for animals to function
3
Q
what are different types of animal feeding
A
- herbivores eat plants
- Carnivores eat animals
- omnivores eat a variety of animals and plants
- Parasites feed on living animals and plants in units less than 1
- Filter feeders take tiny organisms from the water
- Detritus feeders eat tiny bits of dead animals and plants
4
Q
how do animals respirate
A
- All cells need oxygen and give off CO2
- Animals need ways to supply O2 to cells and move Co2 away
- Some use absorption
- Others use various organs
5
Q
how do animals accomplish internal transport
A
- not necessary In small aquatic animals
- contain O2, nutrients, and waste, which they move to/from cells
- Example: the human circulatory system
6
Q
how do animals excrete waste
A
- Wastes like ammonia must be eliminated
- small aquatic animals diffuse it out
- Larger animals need a system to remove their poisonous waste products
7
Q
how do animals respond to stimuli
A
- Animals need to react to stimuli
- Most develop a system of neurons (special cells) called a nervous system to react to stimuli
- some have what we call brains, but there is a lot of variety
8
Q
how do animals move
A
- most animals move
- tissue called muscles generate force on solid structures (mostly)
- Exoskeletoms
- Endoskeletons
form the muscle-skeletal system
9
Q
how do animals reproduce
A
- Many ways to reproduce
- sexual, asexual, sometimes both
- eggs, live birth, other methods
- all young develop, though some have larval forms that metamorphosis into adults
10
Q
what are some trends in animal evolution
A
- all phyla have a complex family tree of relation
- levels of organization become higher as animals become more complex in form (cells to organ systems)
- many simple animals have radial symmetry, complex ones have bilateral symmetry
- for bilateral animals the front = anterior, back = posterior, top = dorsal, bottom = ventral
- many complex animals concentrate sense organs near the anterior end (head) region, along with nerve cells. This is called cephalisation
- clusters of nerve cells can make decisions and react to stimuli, these are called ganglia and even bigger structures are called brains
11
Q
what are sponges
A
- The most ancient animals
- appeared 580 million years ago
- live mostly in salt water, some live in fresh
- live in most oceans
- phylum porifera
- don’t move, once thought to be plants
- no mouth or gut
- no specialized tissues or organ systems
- biologists think sponges were an early split that produced no other animals, possible split before they were animals
12
Q
what do sponges look like
A
- very simple
- a wall formed around an internal cavity
- the wall is very porous and certain cells called collar cells use flagella to pump water into it
- the water exits through a hole called the osculum
- the flow of water delivers food and O2, and moves waste, gametes, and larva out
- Tiny spines called spicules form a skeleton
- cells called amebocytes build spicules from CaCO3 or SiO2
- The softer sponge skeletons are made of fibers called spongins
13
Q
how do sponges reproduce
A
- sponges filter feed and cells use endocytosis to digest inter cellularly
- sponges pump a large amount of water through its body each day
14
Q
how do sponges reproduce
A
- sponges release sperm into the water which can eventually reach a sponge where the amebocytes transport it to eggs, eventually the larva are released into the water
- Some freshwater sponges release gemmules, collections of amebocytes surrounded by a layer of spicules which act as spores
- most sponges can also bud to reproduce
- sponges can also reassemble or regenerate when destroyed
15
Q
how do sponges fit into our world
A
- they are the most common forms of life in dark aquatic places
- other marine animals live on, in, and around them
- they form symbiotic relations with non animal organisms
- a type of sponge called the boring sponge tunnels through old shells and coral, and so help clean up the ocean
- Sponges are used by humans for various things, cleaning, certain chemicals are used, etc
- they produce antibiotic foundations (or antivirals)