Ch 19 Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

what are common forms of fungi

A

common forms include molds, mildew, and mushrooms

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2
Q

are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

eukaryotes

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3
Q

are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs

A

heterotrophs

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4
Q

how do most fungi acquire food

A
  • lots of saprophytes
  • some parasites and symbiotes
  • Absorb food through the cell wall and membrane
  • enzymes inside breakdown food
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5
Q

what roles do fungi play in the environment

A

fungi are major parts of decomposers and along with bacteria help recycle dead organims

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6
Q

what is up with yeast

A

yeast are single cellular fungi, and are an exception to many fungal phenotypes

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7
Q

what is the general structure of fungi

A
  • fungi are made of many little filaments tangled together into a form called a mycelium
  • individual filaments are called hyphae
  • cell walls can be made of chitin or cellulose
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8
Q

how do fungi asexually reproduce

A
  • asexual reproduction is due to spores or by hyphae fragmentation
  • spores are sometimes formed in sporangia
  • specialized hyphae called sporangiophores hold spores
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9
Q

what types of reproduction do fungi do

A

asexual and sexual

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10
Q

how do fungi have sex

A
  • in many fungi two mating types exist, + and -
  • when hyphae of opposite mating types meet they form a gametangium or gamete forming structure
  • the gametangium fuse and some of the nucleic acid pair and form zygote nuclei
  • most of the time fungi have haploid nuclei (N)
  • Diploid nuclei form during sexual reproduction they then meioses into haploids that dominate the remainder of the life style
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11
Q

how are fungi classified

A
  • Fungi are classified according to reproductive methods and general structure into 5 phyla:
    • Oomycota
    • Zygomycota
    • Ascomycota
    • Basidiomycota
    • Deuteromycota
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12
Q

what are oomycota

A

Oomycota: Protist like fungi

  • closely related to plant like protists
  • oomycota from white fuzz on aquarium fish or organic material in water
  • known as water mold though they can live on land
  • cellulose cell walls
  • produce motile sperm
  • hyphae lack cross walls and are multinucleic
  • have two specialized structures for reproduction
    • the antheridium produces sperm
    • oogonium produces eggs and is where fertilization occurs
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13
Q

what are zygomycota

A

Zygomycota: common molds

  • terrestrial
  • thick walled zygotes, zygospores
  • mostly lace cross walls
  • from molds, rhizoid hyphae penetrate the inside where stolons hyphae grow on the outside
  • sporangiophores push into the air and release spores
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14
Q

what are asomycota

A

Ascomycota: Sac Fungi

  • largest phyla of fungi
  • have cross walls and individual cells
  • can b visible (like morel) or invisible (like yeast)
  • asexual spores called conidia form hypha called conidiophores
  • a sac, called the asous is formed after sexual reproduction
  • acospores are sexually produced spores
  • some have fruiting bodies
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15
Q

what are Basidiomycota

A

Basidiomycota: club fungi

  • most mushrooms
  • have a structure called basidium that produces spores (found in mushroom caps)
  • basidiospore germinate into primary haploid mycelia, these create secondary mycelia with nuclei from opposite mating types, eventually the mycelia form mushrooms (fruiting bodies) very fast form cytoplasm and mycelia
  • gills in mushrooms are lined with basidia and the 2 nuclei for zygotes at this point
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16
Q

what are deuteromycota

A

Deuteromycota: imperfect fungi

  • no know sexual reproduction
  • can be similar to other phyla
  • reproduce asexually with conidia
17
Q

what is the ecological importance of fungi

A
  • decompose and recycle living matter
  • most species use in some way the nutrients recycled by fungi
18
Q

where are fungi found

A
  • pretty much every where
  • spores nearly every place
  • large mycelia span vaste areas
19
Q

how are fungal spores dispersed

A

produce many spores that are dispersed by the wind or animals, etc

20
Q

what are the symbiotic relationships of fungi

A
  • some harmful
  • some beneficial
  • lichens are a partner ship of fungi ( a ascomycota or basidiomycota) and a photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria or algae), the photosynthesized gives energy and the fungi finds water and minerals
  • mycorrhizae form between plants and fungi and the plant gives energy and the fungi mycelia acts are rocks
21
Q

how do humans interact with fungi

A
  • yeasts like the genus sacchoromyces make bread, wine, etc. the yeast have no 02, ferments produce 02 and alcohol
  • yeast can be used in cloning to produce protein products of genes
  • we eats mushrooms (some) while other are poisons
22
Q

what are some diseases caused by fungi

A
  • potato blight
    • 1945 ireland
    • phytophthora infestans
    • reduce potatoes to sacs of spores
    • 1,000,000 people died
  • wheat rust
    • 1900s
    • killed wheat plants
    • added to Great Depression in 1930s
    • ruin whole wheat crops
  • other plant diseases
    • can smut
    • mildews
    • loss of 15% of crops in temperate climates
    • and 50% in tropics
  • human diseases
    • athletes foot = deuteromycotes species
    • ring worms
    • yeast infections = candida Albans
  • animals diseases
    • cordyceps lloydii is ant zombie