Ch. 25 (Digestive system) SG

Question 1

Organs in Digestive tract

Answer 1

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, both intestines

Question 2

Accessory organs

Answer 2

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

Question 3

Functions of digestive system

Answer 3

ingestion of food, mechanical processing (chewing, swirling), digestion (breakdown of things), secretion, absorption (movement of molecules across epithelium layer into interstitial fluid), excretion (waste products, liver), and compaction (prior to elimination of body, compacted material = feces)

Question 4

Summary of digestive system process

Answer 4

Mechanically and chemically process food, the foods are broken down so they can be absorbed by epithelial lining for transfer to the circulation blood

Question 5

4 layers of GI tract

Answer 5

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Question 6

Mucosa layer

Answer 6

Mucous membrane with a mucosal epithelium, has underlying layer of areolar tissue

Question 7

Submucosa layer

Answer 7

dense irregular connective tissue, home of large blood vessels and lymphatics

Question 8

Muscularis externa

Answer 8

dominated by smooth muscle fibers

Question 9

Serosa

Answer 9

covered muscularis externa by using its serous membrane known as serosa

Question 10

Peritoneal organs

Answer 10

Lie within peritoneal cavity (stomach, liver, and ileum)

Question 11

Retroperitoneal organs

Answer 11

Kidneys, ureters, and abdominal aorta; these organs are only covered in this lining on the anterior side (the word means posterior to the peritoneum)

Question 12

Peritoneum

Answer 12

Covers the abdominal cavity organs; the serosa is aka visveral peritoneum; the peritoneal lining helps lubricate their surfaces

Question 13

Functions of oral cavity

Answer 13

analyzes material before swallowing, mechanical processing thru teeth, lubricates by salivary secretions, and limited digestion of carbs by enzymes

Question 14

Oral cavity structures

Answer 14

tongue, salivary glands, teeth, mouth,

Question 15

Location of salivary glands

Answer 15

floor of the mouth and around the zygomatic arch

Question 16

Type of epithelium for the oral cavity

Answer 16

lined by an oral mucosa which has nonkeratineized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 17

Permanent vs. Deciduous teeth

Answer 17

Deciduous are the first to appear which are also called your primary and baby teeth. They are temporary till you get your adult teeth which is about 12 more.

Question 18

Anatomy of teeth

Answer 18

the part we see is the enamel, right under it is the dentine, followed by pulp cavity which extends down into the root canal, teeth roots are connected to alveolus bone

Question 19

Tongue

Answer 19

Helps manipulate materials inside mouth and helps mechanically process food and does sensory analysis; contains two muscle groups (intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles) - both activated by hypoglossal nerve; its a skeletal muscle

Question 20

Why cant you swallow your tongue?

Answer 20

You can’t swallow it becuz its connected to the floor of your mouth (by lingual frenulum)

Question 21

Esophagus

Answer 21

transports food and liquids to stomach; has all the Digestive tract layers except the serosa

Question 22

3 steps in swallowing process

Answer 22

Buccal phase (compression of the bolus against the hard palata, voluntary action), pharyngeal phase (bolus is propelled into the esophagus), esophageal phase (the sphincter opens and the bolus continues its path down into the stomach)

Question 23

Bolus

Answer 23

the compaction of debris by the tongue into a small oval mass that makes it ready to be swallowed

Question 24

Stomach

Answer 24

storage of food, mechanical breakdown of food, and chemical digestion of food; Intraperitoneal; located in the left hypochondriac epigastric of the left lumbar/umbilical region; J shaped; with 2 curvatures (greater is connected to greater omentum and lesser is connected to lesser omentum near liver)

Question 25

Rugae pits

Answer 25

prominent longitudinal folds where mucosa is thrown into for the stomach when its relaxed; allow for expansion of the gastric lumen

Question 26

Gastric pits

Answer 26

shallow depressions that open into the gastric surface

Question 27

Gastric glands

Answer 27

simple branched tubular glands dominated by four types of secretory cells (chief, parietal, mucous neck, and enteroendocrine cells)

Question 28

Small intestine function

Answer 28

primary role in digestion and absorption (90%) of nutrients

Question 29

3 parts of small intestine

Answer 29

duodenum (connected to pylorus of the stomach; shortest - serves as a mixing bowl that receives chyme), jejunum (place of chemical digestion), and the ileum (last/longest segment of S.I., which transmits material to L.I. via the cecum)

Question 30

Intestinal glands

Answer 30

aka intestinal crypts; have enteroendocrine cells responsible for production of several intestinal hormones; secrete digestive enzymes into the lumen

Question 31

3 structures that increase S.A. of S.I.

Answer 31

intestinal villi, mucosal folds, and microvilli

Question 32

Peyers patches

Answer 32

Aggregated lymphoid nodules which are lymphoid centers and can reach the size of cherries

Question 33

Functions of large intestine

Answer 33

reabsorptions of water and electrolytes, absorption of important vitamins, and the storing of fecal material before defication

Question 34

Segments of L.I.

Answer 34

Cecum (connected to ileum of S.I. - collects and stores arriving materials), colon (larger diameter and thinner wall than S.I. - has four parts = ascending, tranverse, descending and sigmoid), and lastly three is the rectum (sigmoid colon discharges fecal wastes into rectum - temporary storage of fecal matter; once material gets to rectum there is a need to defecate)

Question 35

Teniae coli

Answer 35

3 separate longitudinal ribbons of the smooth muscle are visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa

Question 36

Haustra

Answer 36

a series of pouches that permit considerable distension and elongation

Question 37

Sphincters in digestive tract

Answer 37

esophegeal, pyloric, external and internal anal sphincter, sphincter of oddi,

Question 38

Liver

Answer 38

largest visceral organ (intraperitoneal) and it lies in the right hypochondriac and epigastric region; helps with metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, synthesis and secretion of bile

Question 39

Gross anatomy of liver

Answer 39

has a right and left lobe; and a lateral, medial, anterior, and posterior segment (posterior is on same side as right lobe); round ligament in the middle with hepatic vein and gallbladder attached to it

Question 40

Round ligament

Answer 40

thickening in the middle margin of the liver; the coronary ligament and the falciform ligament help support it

Question 41

Bile

Answer 41

synthesized by liver cells, stored in gallbladder, and excreted into the lumen; consists mostly of water, with some iron, lipids, a pigment of hemoglobin; helps with dilution and buffering of acids in chyme

Question 42

Hepatocytes

Answer 42

liver cells

Question 43

Portal area of liver

Answer 43

there are six in the liver, and they contain the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, and small branch of bile duct

Question 44

Kupffer cells

Answer 44

found in the sinusoidal lining; they are phagocytic cells that engulf pathogens, debris, and damaged blood cells; also engulf heavy metals

Question 45

Bile caniculi

Answer 45

small passageways where bile is secreted into a network of narrow channels

Question 46

Gallbladder

Answer 46

pear shaped organ; it stores and concentrates bile before its excretion into the S.I.; intraperitoneal; has 3 regions (fundus, body, and neck)

Question 47

Common bile duct

Answer 47

Formed by the hepatic duct and the cystic duct; cystic duct from the gallbladder leads to this area; the hepatic ducts (right and left) collect bile from the liver and form to make the common hepatic duct

Question 48

Bile drains into what?

Answer 48

empties into the duodenum

Question 49

Ampulla of vater

Answer 49

hepatopancreatic ampulla; formed by the pancreatic duct and common bile duct; marks the anatomical transition between the mid and foregut

Question 50

Sphincter of oddi

Answer 50

hepatopancreatic sphincter; surrounds the lumen for the duodenum; helps close off the passagewy when contracted to prevent bile transfer into the duodenum

Question 51

Pancreas

Answer 51

Primarily an exocrine organ that produces digestive enyzmes and buffers them; endocrine cells produce hormones

Question 52

Pancreatic acini

Answer 52

blind pockets; where islets of langerhans are found; secrete a mix of water, ions, and enzymes into the duodenum; the secretion is called pancreatic juice and do the digestion work in S.I.

Question 53

Islets of langerhans

Answer 53

region of the pancreas that contain aggregates of endocrine cells