Ch. 20 (Blood) Study Guide

Question 1

Functions of Blood

Answer 1

distribution of nutrients, oxygen and hormones; carries metabolic wastes to kidneys; and transports specialized cells that help with infection/disease

Question 2

Hematocrit

Answer 2

indicates the percentage of whole blood that is contributed by the formed elements; mostly these are erythrocytes. Normal hematocrit in men is 45 and its 42 in women

Question 3

Plasma

Answer 3

liquid matrix of blood containing dissolved proteins and other solutes and mostly water; (contributes to about 55% of the volume of whole blood)

Question 4

Blood volume

Answer 4

Normally there is about 5-6 liters of whole blood in males, and 4-5 in females

Question 5

Serum

Answer 5

a fluid that represents the conversion between fibronogen and fibrin which helps remove clotting proteins

Question 6

Hemopoiesis

Answer 6

the process of blood cell formation (done primarily in red bone marrow)

Question 7

Erythropoiesis

Answer 7

the formation of erythrocytes; regulated by the hormone EPO

Question 8

Leukopoiesis

Answer 8

production of white blood cells; all these poiesis’ occur in the bone marrow

Question 9

3 categories of blood cells

Answer 9

red, white, and platelets

Question 10

% of blood cells found in blood

Answer 10

platelets (.1), white (.1), and red (99.9);

Question 11

Diameter of a erythrocyte

Answer 11

7.7 micrometers

Question 12

Characteristics of erythrocytes

Answer 12

they transport oxygen and CO2 within blood to and from lungs and tissues; biconcave disc that tend to stack on top of one another; no nucleus or mitochondria

Question 13

erythropoietin

Answer 13

EPO; the hormone that regulates erythropoiesis; produced in the kidneys and speeds up maturation of RBC’s

Question 14

Life span of RBC

Answer 14

120 days; once it reaches this point the RBC will either rupture or is destroyed and killed by phagocytic cells

Question 15

Diapedesis

Answer 15

when a leukocyte migrates across endothelial lining of a capillary by squeezing in between cells; they typically do this during invasion of foreign organism or injury

Question 16

Leukocyte

Answer 16

help defend the body against invasion by pathogens and remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal/damaged cells (contain nuclei); they are either granular or agranular

Question 17

granular leukocytes

Answer 17

have large granular inclusions in their cytoplasm; 3 types (neutrophils, eosinphils, basophils)

Question 18

Agranular leukocytes

Answer 18

include either monocytes or lymphocytes; don’t have cytoplasmic granules visible thru a light microscope

Question 19

Most common leukocytes

Answer 19

neutrophils and lymphocytes

Question 20

Least common leukocyte

Answer 20

basophils

Question 21

Neutrophils

Answer 21

found in 50-70% of WBC’s; first WBC to arrive at an injured site; phagocytic of bacteria and other pathogens

Question 22

eosinphils

Answer 22

2-4% of WBC’s; phagocytic cells that are attacted to foreign comounds that reacted with antibodies (i.e. work during allergic reactions)

Question 23

basophils

Answer 23

less than 1%; migrate to sites of injury and release chemicals

Question 24

Monocyte

Answer 24

largest WBC and 2-8% of WBC’s; when outside of the bloodstream they are free macrophages (phagocytic)

Question 25

Lymphocyte

Answer 25

responsible for specific immunity; the ability to counterattack invading pathogens on an individual basis; 3 types of lymphocytes; 20-30% of WBC’s; formed from bone marrow and stem cells (hematopoetic?)

Question 26

3 types of lymphocytes

Answer 26

T, B, and natural killer cells

Question 27

T cells

Answer 27

enter peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells directly

Question 28

B cells

Answer 28

differentiates into plasmocytes (plasma cells) that secrete antibodies that attack foreign cells or proteins in the body

Question 29

NK cells

Answer 29

responsible for immune surveillance; the destruction of abnormal tissue cells

Question 30

Platelets

Answer 30

aka thrombocytes; round and flattened; participate in the vascular clotting system (helps prevent blood loss= hemostasis); functions include transport of chemicals for clotting process, formation of a temporary path in walls of damaged blood vessels, and active contraction after clot formation has occurred; derived from megakaryocytes?

Question 31

Macrophage vs. Monocytes

Answer 31

outside of bloodstream the monocytes are called free macrophages

Question 32

Hemoglobin

Answer 32

the protein found in RBC’s that give them the ability to transport O2 in the blood; account for 95% of RBC’s

Question 33

Blood types

Answer 33

they are determined by the presence or absence of specific components in RBC’s plasmalemma; the types are based on that surface antigen in the plasmalemma

Question 34

Type A Blood

Answer 34

has antigen A (40%)

Question 35

Type B blood

Answer 35

has antigen B

Question 36

Type AB blood

Answer 36

has both A and B antigens (4%)

Question 37

Type O blood

Answer 37

has no antigens (46%)

Question 38

Type A and O blood

Answer 38

type O can be given to type A blood peoiple

Question 39

Plurripotential stem cells

Answer 39

aka hemocytoblasts; ultimately give rise to RBC’s; they produce two different stem cells

Question 40

Blood doping

Answer 40

remove whole blood week or so before an event; the marrow has to replace lost blood and then you put blood back in which increases hematocrit; helps endurance athletes; risks include stroke and heart attack