Ch. 20 (Blood) Study Guide Flashcards
Functions of Blood
distribution of nutrients, oxygen and hormones; carries metabolic wastes to kidneys; and transports specialized cells that help with infection/disease
Hematocrit
indicates the percentage of whole blood that is contributed by the formed elements; mostly these are erythrocytes. Normal hematocrit in men is 45 and its 42 in women
Plasma
liquid matrix of blood containing dissolved proteins and other solutes and mostly water; (contributes to about 55% of the volume of whole blood)
Blood volume
Normally there is about 5-6 liters of whole blood in males, and 4-5 in females
Serum
a fluid that represents the conversion between fibronogen and fibrin which helps remove clotting proteins
Hemopoiesis
the process of blood cell formation (done primarily in red bone marrow)
Erythropoiesis
the formation of erythrocytes; regulated by the hormone EPO
Leukopoiesis
production of white blood cells; all these poiesis’ occur in the bone marrow
3 categories of blood cells
red, white, and platelets
% of blood cells found in blood
platelets (.1), white (.1), and red (99.9);
Diameter of a erythrocyte
7.7 micrometers
Characteristics of erythrocytes
they transport oxygen and CO2 within blood to and from lungs and tissues; biconcave disc that tend to stack on top of one another; no nucleus or mitochondria
erythropoietin
EPO; the hormone that regulates erythropoiesis; produced in the kidneys and speeds up maturation of RBC’s
Life span of RBC
120 days; once it reaches this point the RBC will either rupture or is destroyed and killed by phagocytic cells
Diapedesis
when a leukocyte migrates across endothelial lining of a capillary by squeezing in between cells; they typically do this during invasion of foreign organism or injury
Leukocyte
help defend the body against invasion by pathogens and remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal/damaged cells (contain nuclei); they are either granular or agranular
granular leukocytes
have large granular inclusions in their cytoplasm; 3 types (neutrophils, eosinphils, basophils)
Agranular leukocytes
include either monocytes or lymphocytes; don’t have cytoplasmic granules visible thru a light microscope
Most common leukocytes
neutrophils and lymphocytes
Least common leukocyte
basophils
Neutrophils
found in 50-70% of WBC’s; first WBC to arrive at an injured site; phagocytic of bacteria and other pathogens
eosinphils
2-4% of WBC’s; phagocytic cells that are attacted to foreign comounds that reacted with antibodies (i.e. work during allergic reactions)
basophils
less than 1%; migrate to sites of injury and release chemicals
Monocyte
largest WBC and 2-8% of WBC’s; when outside of the bloodstream they are free macrophages (phagocytic)
Lymphocyte
responsible for specific immunity; the ability to counterattack invading pathogens on an individual basis; 3 types of lymphocytes; 20-30% of WBC’s; formed from bone marrow and stem cells (hematopoetic?)
3 types of lymphocytes
T, B, and natural killer cells
T cells
enter peripheral tissues and attack foreign cells directly
B cells
differentiates into plasmocytes (plasma cells) that secrete antibodies that attack foreign cells or proteins in the body
NK cells
responsible for immune surveillance; the destruction of abnormal tissue cells
Platelets
aka thrombocytes; round and flattened; participate in the vascular clotting system (helps prevent blood loss= hemostasis); functions include transport of chemicals for clotting process, formation of a temporary path in walls of damaged blood vessels, and active contraction after clot formation has occurred; derived from megakaryocytes?
Macrophage vs. Monocytes
outside of bloodstream the monocytes are called free macrophages
Hemoglobin
the protein found in RBC’s that give them the ability to transport O2 in the blood; account for 95% of RBC’s
Blood types
they are determined by the presence or absence of specific components in RBC’s plasmalemma; the types are based on that surface antigen in the plasmalemma
Type A Blood
has antigen A (40%)
Type B blood
has antigen B
Type AB blood
has both A and B antigens (4%)
Type O blood
has no antigens (46%)
Type A and O blood
type O can be given to type A blood peoiple
Plurripotential stem cells
aka hemocytoblasts; ultimately give rise to RBC’s; they produce two different stem cells
Blood doping
remove whole blood week or so before an event; the marrow has to replace lost blood and then you put blood back in which increases hematocrit; helps endurance athletes; risks include stroke and heart attack
